User:Generalissima/1453
Events
[edit]- March – A large cohort of English troops depart to reinforce Gascony.[1]
- May 29 – Ottoman forces capture Constantinople, destroying the Byzantine Empire.
- June 14 – Ludovico Gonzaga of Mantua defends the city against Venetian forces led by his brother Carlo.[2]
- July 9 – The Giant Bible of Mainz is completed.[3]
- July 17 – The French destroy the English army at the Battle of Castillon.[1]
- September 30 – Pope Nicholas V issues a crusading bull against the Ottoman Empire.[4]
- October 20 – The last English holdouts in Gascony, including Bordeaux, surrender to France.[1]
Asia
[edit]Western Asia
[edit]East Asia
[edit]Hostile relationships continued between the Ming Dynasty and the growing Oirat confederation of Esen Taishi. Esen had captured the Yingzong Emperor in battle four years prior, and killed Northern Yuan leader Taisun Khan early in the previous year. Early in the year, the Minister of War Yu Qian considered a plan for an offensive campaign against the Oirat and Mongols, but ultimately focused on maintaining the northern border, unwilling to disrupt the newly reformed command structure of the Ming military. Having dominated the Mongol tribes after his defeat of Taisun, Esen declared himself Khagan of the Northern Yuan, becoming the first non-Borjigin to do so. The alarmed Ming government heightened border security, and debated whether to recognize Esen as Khagan.[5]
After a twenty year halt, a large Japanese tribute mission was dispatched by the Ashikaga Shogunate to the Ming court. The envoys were angered by court officials' refusal to pay high prices for the wares, and rioted along their return journey, looting civilian houses in Lingqing, Shandong, and attacking officials sent to investigate. The Jingtai Emperor decided not to pursue the riotous diplomats, hesitant to upset diplomatic relations with Japan.[6]
A recent series of annual floods worsened in central China, with the Yellow River devastating Henan. Urgent repairs to dikes along the Grand Canal were initially unsuccessful, leading to the appointment of Xu Youzhen to supervise efforts to maintain the canal and vital grain shipments to Beijing.[7][8] The somewhat unstable political legitimacy of the Jingtai Emperor in the wake of Yingzong's capture was heightened after the death of Zhu Jianji, his son and heir apparent, on December 18.[9]
Europe
[edit]Scandinavia
[edit]Western Europe
[edit]
A reinforcement of over 2,000 men led by a number of prominent noblemen was sent to Gascony in March, increasing Talbot's forces to upwards of 7,300. However, the French navy was able to cut off English access to Bordeaux via the Gironde estuary, preventing further reinforcement. On July 17, the French routed the English army at the Battle of Castillon, killing Talbot. Charles VII's forces moved further into Gascony, laying siege to Bordeaux in August. The city, alongside the holdout of Rions, surrendered on October 20, ending the English presence in the region and bringing a close to the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.[10][1]
The Giant Bible of Mainz, possibly serving as inspiration for the Gutenberg Bible
Eastern Europe
[edit]- End of Muscovite Civil War
Births
[edit]- January 6 – Girolamo Benivieni, Italian poet (d. 1542)[11]
- March 2 – Johannes Engel, German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (d. 1512)[12]
- September 1 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba[13]
- October 13 – Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, only son of Henry VI (d. 1471)[14]
Date unknown:
[edit]- Sultan-Khalil, Sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu[15]
Deaths
[edit]- July 17
- John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English nobleman and military leader (b. c. 1387)[10]
- John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle, English nobleman, son of the Earl of Shrewsbury[10]
- December 24 – John Dunstaple, English composer[16]
Date unknown:
[edit]- Dmitry Shemyaka, Claimant to the Muscovite principality[17]
- Sophia of Lithuania, Grand Princess of Moscow (b. 1371)[18]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Vale 1969, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Swain 1989, p. 443.
- ^ Crump, Francis J. (1952). "The Gutenberg Bible". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 14 (3): 216–217. JSTOR 43720372.
- ^ Hardy 2024, p. 6.
- ^ De Heer 1986, pp. 90–91, 95–98.
- ^ Wang 2023, p. 109.
- ^ De Heer 1986, pp. 94–95.
- ^ Zhou & Deng 2021, p. 213.
- ^ De Heer 1986, pp. 95–98.
- ^ a b c Pollard, A. J. (2004). "Talbot, John, First Earl of Shrewsbury and First Earl of Waterford". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Mariani, Giacomo (2017). "Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy: Benivieni, Girolamo". Springer Link.
- ^ Trimble, Virginia; Williams, Thomas R.; Bracher, Katherine; Jarrell, Richard; Marché, Jordan D.; Ragep, F. Jamil (2007). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 339. ISBN 9780387304007.
- ^ Gerli, E. Michael (2003). Gerli, E. Michael; Armistead, Samuel G. (eds.). Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 324. ISBN 9780415939188.
- ^ Griffiths, R. A. (2004). "Edward [Edward of Westminster], Prince of Wales". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Erkinov, Aftandil (2015). "From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle". Cahiers d’Asie Centrale. 24: 53.
- ^ Bent, Margaret (2006). "Dunstaple [Dunstable], John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved July 20, 2024.
- ^ Alef, Gustave (1959). "The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II". Speculum. 34 (1): 10–14. doi:10.2307/2847975. JSTOR 2847975.
- ^ Clements, Barbara Evans (2012). A History of Women in Russia: From Earliest Times to the Present. Indiana University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780253001047. JSTOR j.ctt16gz5pn.
Bibliography
[edit]- De Heer, Ph. (1986). The Care-Taker Emperor: Aspects of the Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-Century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Chi'i-Yü. Brill. ISBN 9789004078987.
- Hardy, Duncan (2024). "'There Can Be No Agreement to Take up Arms against the Turks Unless We First Restore the Empire': The Fall of Constantinople and the Rise of a New Political Dynamic in the Holy Roman Empire, 1453–1467". Austrian History Yearbook. doi:10.1017/S0067237824000481.
- Harris, Jonathan (2010). The End of Byzantium. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300169669. JSTOR j.ctt1npm19.
- Swain, Elisabeth Ward (1989). "The Wages of Peace: The "Condotte" of Ludovico Gonzaga, 1436–1478". Renaissance Studies. 3 (4): 442–452. JSTOR 24409514.
- Vale, M. G. A. (1969). "The Last Years of English Gascony, 1451-1453: The Alexander Prize Essay". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 19: 119–138. doi:10.2307/3678742. JSTOR 3678742.
- Wang, Xinzheng (2023). "The East Asian International Order and China–Japan Relations in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Bu, Ping; Kitaoka, Shinichi (eds.). The History of China–Japan Relations. Social Sciences Literature Press. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-5599-0. ISBN 9789811955983.
- Wolffe, Bertram (2001). Henry VI. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300183993. JSTOR j.ctt5vkvnj.
- Zhou, Kuiyi; Deng, Jun (2021). "Pan Jixun and the Ancient Governance Plan of the Yellow River". In Jiang, Xiaoyuan (ed.). The Studies of Heaven and Earth in Ancient China: History of Science and Technology in China. Vol. 2. Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7841-0. ISBN 9789811578403.