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English Vowels
Diaphoneme British RP Australian American Irish Example Words
/æ/ [æ~a] [æ] [æ~ɛə~eə] [æ~a] mat, lad, stack
/æː/ [æː] badtan, camera
/ɑː/ or /æ/ [ɑː] [ɐː~äː] pass, bath, graph
/ɑr/ [ɑɹ~ɑ˞] [aɹ~a˞] arm, farther, mark
/ɑː/ [ɑ~ä] [ɑː] calm, father
/ɒ/ [ɒ~ɔ] [ɔ] [ɑ] lot, not, cot, stock
[ɒ~ɔ~ɑ] off, loss, cloth, long,
/ɔː/ [ɔ̝ː] [o:] [ɔː] law, caught, all, stalk
/ɔːr/ [ɔɹ~ɔ˞] [ɑɹ~ɑ˞] sort, horse, border
/ɔər/ [oːɹ~o˞] tore, hoarse, boarder
/oʊ̯/ [əʊ̯] [əʉ̯] [oʊ̯] [oʊ̯~oː] tow, toe, so, boat, broke
/ɜːr/ [ɜː] [eː] [ɛɹ~ɝ~ɚ] [ʊɹ~ʊ˞~ɚ] urn, burn, fur
[ɛɹ~ɝ~ɚ] earn, herd, fern
/ə/ [ə] [ə] [ə] [ə] comma, pandaabout
/ər/ [ɚ] [ɚ] winner, pander, doctor
/ɛ/ [ɛ̝] [e] [ɛ] [ɛ] dressbedmet
/eɪ/ [ɛɪ̯] [æɪ̯] [eɪ̯] [eː] sake, mate, stake, main
/ɪ/ [ɪ] [ɪ] [ɪ] [ɪ] sick, kid, bidhit
/iː/ [ɪi̯] [ɪi̯] [iː] [iː] seek, heat, happy
/uː/ [ɵʉ̯] [ʉː] [u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯] [uː] gooseboo, you
/ʊ/ [ɵ~ʊ] [ʊ] [ʊ~ʊ̞̈] [ʊ] put, butch, push, book
/ʌ/ [ɐ] [ɐ] [ʌ̈~ɜ̞~ɐ̝] [ʌ̈~ɤ~ʊ] but, strutwon, love,
/aɪ/ [ɑɪ̯] [ɑe̯] [aɪ̯] [ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯] price, buy, high, my
/aʊ̯/ [aʊ̯] [æɔ̯] [aʊ̯] [æʊ̯~ɛʊ̯] nowmouth
/ɔɪ̯/ [ɔɪ̯] [oɪ̯] [ɔɪ̯] [ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯] boy, choice
/ɪər/ [ɪə̯] [ɪə̯] [iːɚ] [iːɚ] beer, dear, mere
/ɛər/ [ɛə̯] [eːə] [ɛɚ] [eːɚ] mare, care, fair
/ʊər/ [ɵə~ʊə] [ʊə] [ʊɚ] [uːɚ] moor, poor, tour
/juː/ [jɵʉ̯] [jʉː] [ju̟ː] [juː] beauty, cube, cute
IPA: English vowels and diphthongs
Dia-
phoneme
[1]
Splits and Mergers AuE[2][3]
Australia
CaE
Canada
GA[4][5][6]
United States
InE[7]
India
IrE[8]
Republic of Ireland
NZE[6][9]
New Zealand
RP[10][11]
England
ScE[12]
Scotland
SAE[13][14]
South Africa
SSE
Singapore
WaE[15]
Wales
Keyword Example Words
æ æ æ~ɛə~[16] æ~ɛ a~æ ɛ a~æ ɐ̟ a~æ~ɛ ɛ[17] a TRAP lad, bad, cat[18]
æː Bad-lad split æː[19] 'badtan, camera'
ɑː or æ trap-bath split ɐː äː ɐː ɑː äː~ɑː~
ɒː~ɔː
ä[20] BATH pass, path, graph
ɑːr farther-father merger ɑɹ~ɑ˞ aːɹ~a˞ ɐ̟ɾ START arm, car
ɑː ɑ~ɒ ɑ~ä ɑː ɐ̟ PALM calm, father
ɒ ɔ ɒ~ä ɑ ɔ ɒ~ɔ ɔ ɒ̈~ʌ̈ ɔ ɒ LOT not, wasp, lot, not, cot, stock
ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[21] ɒ̈~ʌ̈,
ɔː~
CLOTH off, loss, cloth, long, dog, chocolate[22]
ɔː ɒː ɔː ɔ̝ː ɔː~ ɒː THOUGHT law, caught, all, halt, stalk
ɔːr ɔɹ ɔɹ~ ɒː(ɾ) ɒɹ~ɒ˞ ɔɾ ɔː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)
ɔ(ɹ) ɒː NORTH sort, warm
ɔər oːɹ FORCE tore, boar, port
ɐʉ̯ oʊ̯~o oʊ̯~oː ɐʉ̯ əɵ̯ o ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~
œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~
œː~ʌʊ̯
o[23] GOAT no, toe, soap
ou̯ tow, folk
ɔʊ̯ o~oə̯~oʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ soul, roll, cold
ər ə ɚ~ɹ̩ ə(ɾ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) LETTER winner, donor, massacre[24]
ə ə ə ə ɘ ə ə COMMA about
ɪ~ə ɪ ɨ ɨ KIT spotted
ɪ ɪ ɪ~ə~ʌ ɪ~i, ə[25] i, ɪ ɪ sit
i ɪi̯ i ɪi̯ ɪi̯ e, i i HAPPY city
i FLEECE see
~ meat
æɪ̯ eɪ̯~e æɪ̯ ɛɪ̯ e eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~
æɪ̯~äɪ̯~
ʌɪ̯
e[23] FACE date, m
ei day, pain, whey, rein
ər ə(ɹ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ə(ɾ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) LETTER winner, donor, massacre[24]
ɛ e ɛ ɪ ɛ ɛ ɛ~e~ɪ ɛ, e[26] ɛ DRESS bed[27]
ɜːr ɵː(ɹ) ɝ~ɚ~ɹ̩ ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ ɚː, ɔɹ~ʊɹ[28] ɵː(ɹ) əː(ɹ)~
ɜː(ɹ)
ʌɾ[28] ø̈ː(ɹ)~
ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~
əː(ɹ)
ɜː(ɾ) NURSE burn
ɪɾ~ʌɾ[28] bird
ɚː, ɛɹ[28] ɛɾ[28] herd, earth
Dia-
phoneme
[1]
AuE
Australia
CaE
Canada
GA
United States
InE
India
IrE
Republic of Ireland
NZE
New Zealand
RP
England
ScE
Scotland
SAE
South Africa
SSE
Singapore
WaE
Wales
Keyword Examples
ʌ ɐ ʌ̈~ɜ̞~ɐ̝ ə~ɜ ɞ~ʊ ɐ ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[29] ʌ ɐ~ä ä, ɐ ə~ɜ STRUT run, won, flood
ʊ ʊ ʊ~ʊ̞̈ ʊ ʊ ɵ ʉ ʊ~ʊ̈ u, ʊ ʊ FOOT put
hood
ʉː ~ʊu̯~ʉu̯ ʉː ɵʉ̯ u̟ː~ʉː~
u GOOSE through, you
ɪu[30] threw, yew
juː jʉː (j)u̟ juː jʉː jɵʉ̯ ju̟ː~jʉː~
jyː
ju cute, dew, ewe
ɑe̯ aɪ̯, ɐɪ̯~əɪ̯[31] äɪ̯ ɑɪ̯ ɑe̯ ɑɪ̯ əi̯~ae̯ äɪ̯~äː~
ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː
ai̯ PRICE my, wise, high

flight, mice

ɔɪ oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯, oɪ̯ oɪ̯ oi̯ ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ ɔi̯ ɒi̯ CHOICE boy, hoist
ɐʉ̯ oʊ̯~o oʊ̯, ɐʉ̯ əɵ̯ o ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~
œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~
œː~ʌʊ̯
o[23] GOAT no, toe, soap
ou̯ tow, folk
ɔʊ̯ o~oə̯~oʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ soul, roll, cold
ɔːr oː(ɹ) ɔɹ ɔɹ~ ɒː(ɾ) ɒɹ~ɒ˞ oː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɔɾ ɔː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)
ɔ(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ) NORTH sort, warm
ɔər [oːɹ~o˞] oː(ɾ) FORCE tore, boar, port
æɔ̯ äʊ̯, ʌu̯~əu̯[31] äʊ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯ æu̯~ɛu̯ æo̯ aʊ̯ ɘʉ̯ äʊ̯~äː~
æʊ̯
au̯ MOUTH now, trout
ɪər ɪː(ɹ)~
ɪː.ə(ɹ)
ɪɹ ~
iə̯ɹ
ɪə̯(ɾ)~
iː(ɾ)
iːɹ iə̯(ɹ)[32] ɪə̯(ɹ)~
ɪː(ɹ)
ɪə̯(ɹ)~
ɪː(ɹ)
iə̯(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɾ) NEAR deer, here
ɛər eː(ɹ)~
eː.ə(ɹ)
ɛɹ ɛ(ə̯)ɹ~
ɛə̯(ɾ)~
eː(ɾ)
eːɹ ɪə̯(ɹ)~
iə̯[32]
ɛə̯(ɹ)~
ɛː(ɹ)[33]
ɛə̯(ɹ)~
ɛː(ɹ)~
eː(ɹ)
ɛ(ɹ) ɛː(ɾ) SQUARE mare, there, bear
ʊər ʉː.ə(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)
ʊɹ ʊɹ~ɔɹ~ ʊə̯(ɾ)~
uː(ɾ)
uːɹ,
oːɹ
ʉː.ɘ(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)
ɵː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)[34]
ʊə̯(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)
uə̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɾ) CURE tour, moor
jʊər jʉː.ə(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ)
jʊɹ, jɝ~jɚ jʊə̯(ɾ)~
juː(ɾ)
juɹ, joːɹ jʉː.ɘ(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ)
jɵː(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ)
juɾ jʊə̯(ɹ),
joː(ɹ)
jɔ(ɹ) ɪʊə̯(ɾ) pure, Europe
Dia-
phoneme
[1]
AuE
Australia
CaE
Canada
GA
United States
InE
India
IrE
Republic of Ireland
NZE
New Zealand
RP
England
ScE
Scotland
SAE
South Africa
SSE
Singapore
WaE
Wales
Keyword Examples

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IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
. Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩ ̍ Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference PE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  3. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  4. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  5. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  6. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  7. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  8. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  9. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  10. ^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
  11. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
  12. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  13. ^ Bekker (2008)
  14. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  15. ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  16. ^ In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
  17. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  18. ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
  19. ^ See badlad split for this distinction.
  20. ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
  21. ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cotcaught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
  22. ^ In American accents without the cotcaught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lotcloth split. In American accents with the cotcaught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
  23. ^ a b c Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
  24. ^ a b Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
  25. ^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kitbit split.
  26. ^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
  27. ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
  28. ^ a b c d e See Fernfirfur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
  29. ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
  30. ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
  31. ^ a b Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ɐɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əi̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʷɐi̯t] and out [ʌu̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
  32. ^ a b Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
  33. ^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
  34. ^ Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/. If one wishes to make that distinction today it would be best to use ɵ instead of ʊə. This will lead to tore as toː and tour as tɵː.

References

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