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The Younger Saxony: The Duchy and the Electorate

[edit]
Coat of arms of Saxony used since the accession of the House of Ascania to the dukedom in 1180, comprising the Ascanian arms with an added bendwise crancelin indicating the Saxon ducal rank

The new dukes replaced the Saxon horse emblem () and introduced their Ascanian family colours and emblem () added by a bendwise crancelin, symbolising the Saxon ducal crown, as new coat-of-arms of Saxony (). The later rulers of the House of Wettin adopted the Ascanian coat-of-arms.

Partitions of Saxony under Ascanian rule

[edit]
Duchy of Saxony
(1180-1296)
Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
(1296-1356)
Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg
(1296-1303)
Duchy of Saxe-Mölln
(1303-1315)
Duchy of Saxe-Bergdorf-Lauenburg
(1303-1315)
Duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg
(1303-1315)
Duchy of Saxe-Bergdorf-Mölln
(1315-1401)
Duchy of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg
(1315-1401)
Electorate of Saxe-Wittenberg
(1356-1422)
Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg
(1401-1689)

The Ascanian Dynasty continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689, but after the Lauenburg line had finally lost the Saxon Electorate to the Wittenberg line in 1356 and failed to obtain the succession in the Electorate after 1422, recognition of the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg as Dukes of Saxony waned. To follow the remnant House of Ascania in Saxe-Lauenburg, follow this table. For the following Electors of Saxony, see below the House of Wettin.

Table of rulers

[edit]

(Note: Both lines follow the numbering established in this table until 1296. From 1296 on, each line follows independently the succession of Saxon dukes until 1296)

Ruler
(Lifespan)
Born Reign Death Consort Notes
Bernard III
(c.1134-
2 February 1212)
1180-1212
Duke of Saxony
Brigitte of Denmark
six children

Sophia of Thuringia
one child

Judith of Poland
c.1173
no children
Also Count of Ballenstedt and Prince of Anhalt.
Albert I
(c.1175-
7 October 1260)
1212-1260
Duke of Saxony
Agnes of Austria
1222
five children

Agnes of Thuringia
1238
three children

Helene of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1247
five children
Father of the following two dukes
Albert II
(1250-
25 August 1298)
1260-1296
Duke of Saxony
Agnes of Austria
1282
six children
Until 1282, the brothers John I and Albert II ruled jointly. From John I's abdication in 1282, Albert shared rule with his minor nephews, sons of John I: John II, Albert III and Eric I. In 1296 they divided the land. Albert II retained Saxe-Wittenberg, and became the head of the elder Saxon Line, while his nephews ruled together in Saxe-Lauenburg, becoming the founders of the younger Saxon Line.
John I
(1249-
30 July 1285)
1260-1282
Duke of Saxony
Ingeborg Birgersdotter of Sweden
1270
eight children
John II
(1275-
22 April 1322)
1282-1296
Dukes of Saxony
Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg
1315
one child
Eric I
(1280-1360)
Elisabeth of Pomerania
1316 or 1318
four children
Albert III
(1281-1308)
Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
1302
two children
In 1296 Albert II and his nephews Albert III, Eric I, and John II ended their joint rule and partitioned Saxony into the Lauenburg line, where Albert III, Eric I, and John II continued to rule jointly until 1303, and the Wittenberg line, where Albert II continued as sole ruler until 1298. Since the Duke of Saxony was considered one of the prince-electors choosing a new Holy Roman Emperor, conflict arose between the lines of Lauenburg and Wittenberg over the issue of who should cast Saxony's vote. In 1314 both lines found themselves on different sides in a double election. Eventually, the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg succeeded in 1356 after the promulgation of the Golden Bull. To distinguish him from other rulers bearing the title Duke of Saxony, he was commonly called Elector of Saxony.
Albert II 1250 1296-1298
Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg
25 August 1298 Agnes of Austria
1282
six children
Became sole ruler of Saxe-Wittenberg.
John II 1275 1296-1303
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
22 April 1322 Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg
1315
one child
Ruled jointly until 1303, when they divided once more the territory between them.
Eric I 1280 1360 Elisabeth of Pomerania
1316 or 1318
four children
Albert III 1281 1308 Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
1302
two children
Rudolph I 1284 1298-1356
Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg
12 March 1356 Jutta of Brandenburg
1298
eight children

Kunigunde of Poland
28 August 1328
one child

Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin
1333
three children
In January 1356 the Golden Bull confirmed Rudolf I as the legitimate Saxon Prince-Elector, thus the rulers of Saxe-Wittenberg are conceived as Electors of Saxony.
John II 1275 1303-1315
Duke of Saxe-Mölln
22 April 1322 Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg
1315
one child
In 1315 he realigned the territory.
Eric I 1280 1303-1315
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf
1360 Elisabeth of Pomerania
1316 or 1318
four children
In 1315 realigned the territory.
Albert III 1281 1303-1308
Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg
1308 Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel
1302
two children
Left his lands to his widow.
Margaret of Brandenburg-Salzwedel 1270 1308-1315
Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg
1 May 1315 Przemysł II, King of Poland
1302
two children

Albert III
1302
two children
After her death, her brothers-in-law realigned the territory.
In 1315, after the death of Margaret of Brandenburg, the remaining brothers Eric and John redesigned the political division in Saxe-Lauenburg; Eric retained all of Margaret's part, but had to give part of his original domains to his brother. John ruled in Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln, Eric in Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg.
John II 1275 1315-1322
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
22 April 1322 Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg
1315
one child
Eric I 1280 1315-1338
Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg
1360 Elisabeth of Pomerania
1316 or 1318
four children
Abdicated in 1338 in favour of his son, Eric II.
Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg (regent) c.1300 1322-1330
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
before 1340 John II
1315
one child

Eric, Junior King of Denmark
1330
no children
Regent on behalf of her son, Albert.
Albert IV 1315 1322-1343
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
1343 Beata of Schwerin
1334
three child

Sophia of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow
1341
no children
Eric II 1318/20 1338-1368
Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg
1368 Agnes of Holstein-Plön
between 1342 and 1349
four children
John III c.1330 1343-1356 1356
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
Unmarried Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother, Albert.
Albert V c.1330 1343-1370
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
1370 Catherine of Mecklenburg-Werle-Güstrow
25 January 1366
no children
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother, Eric.
The Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the right to participate in the election of a Holy Roman Emperor to the Duke of Saxony in the Saxe-Wittenberg line.
Rudolph I 1284 10 January 1356 - 12 March 1356
Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg
12 March 1356 Jutta of Brandenburg
1298
eight children

Kunigunde of Poland
28 August 1328
one child

Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin
1333
three children
In January 1356 was recognized as the First Prince-Elector of Saxony.
Rudolph II the Blind 1307 12 March 1356 - 6 December 1370
Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg
12 March 1356 Elisabeth of Hesse
Before 8 May 1336
one child
Left no descendants.
Eric III 1354 1368-1401
Duke of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg
21 June 1411/12 Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg
8 April 1373
ten children
In 1401 he reunited Saxe-Lauenburg.
Wenceslaus I 1337 6 December 1370 - 15 May 1388
Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg
15 May 1388 Cecilia da Carrara
23 January 1376
six children
Brother of his predecessor.
Eric IV c.1330 1370-1401
Duke of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
1401 Unmarried Determined to enter the clergy, has to resign to succeed his brothers. He also left no descendants, which allowed the Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg line to reunite Saxe-Lauenburg.
Rudolph III 1378 15 May 1388 - 11 June 1419
Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg
11 June 1419 Anna of Meissen
1387/89
three children

Barbara of Legnica
March 1396
two children
Left no male descendants. he was succeeded by his brother, Albert.
In 1401 Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg inherited Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln from the Ascanian Elder Lauenburg line there extinct upon Eric IV's death. The reunited duchy continued under the old name of Saxe-Lauenburg.
Eric III 1354 1401-1411/12
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
21 June 1411/12 Sophia of Brunswick-Lüneburg
8 April 1373
ten children
In 1401 reunited Saxe-Lauenburg.
Eric V after 1373 1411/12-1436
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
1436 Elisabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg
1404
no children

Elisabeth of Weinsberg
before 1422
one child
Ruled jointly. The numberings here lead to some confusion, as not all genealogists of the House of Ascania count John IV in the list of Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg, numbering John V (John IV's nephew) as John IV.
John IV after 1373 1411/12-1414
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
1414 Unmarried
Albert IV 1375/80 11 June 1419 - (before 12 November) 1422
Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg
before 12 November 1422 Euphemia of Oleśnica
14 January 1420
no children
Left no male descendants, which led the Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line to extinction.
The Ascanian Dynasty continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689, but after the Lauenburg line had finally lost the Saxon Electorate to the Wittenberg line in 1356 and failed to obtain the succession in the Electorate after 1422, recognition of the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg as Dukes of Saxony waned. To follow the remnant House of Ascania in Saxe-Lauenburg, follow this table. For the following Electors of Saxony, see below the House of Wettin.
Bernard IV 1385/93 1436-1463
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
16 July 1463 Adelaide of Pomerania-Stolp
1428
two children
John V 18 July 1439 1463-1507
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
15 August 1507 Dorothea of Brandenburg
12 February 1464
twelve children
Sometimes numbered John IV. He is somestime confused with his uncle, John IV (Eric V and Bernard IV's brother) and a son of his own (John IV, Bishop of Hildesheim).
Magnus I 1 January 1470 1507-1543
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
1 August 1543 Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
20 November 1509
Wolfenbüttel
six children
Francis I 1510 1543-1571
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
19 March 1581 Sibylle of Saxony
8 February 1540
Dresden
nine children
In 1571, highly indebted, he resigned in favour of his eldest son Magnus II, who had promised to redeem the pawned ducal demesnes with funds he gained as Swedish military commander and by his marriage to a Swedish princess.
Magnus II 1543 1571-1573
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
14 March 1603 Sophia of Sweden
4 July 1568
Stockholm
one child
Eldest son of Francis I. He didn't pay the debts he promised to pay, and led to war with his father and brothers. Two years later they deposed Magnus II and Francis I re-ascended. Magnus' violent and judicial attempts to regain the duchy failed. In 1588 he was imprisoned for the remainder of his life.
Francis I 1510 1573-1581
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
19 March 1581 Sibylle of Saxony
8 February 1540
Dresden
nine children
Regained the title in 1573, after pushing back Magnus II.
Francis II 10 August 1547 1581-1619
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
2 July 1619 Margaret of Pomerania-Wolgast
26 December 1574
Wolgast
four children

Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
10 November 1582
Wolfenbüttel
fourteen children
Brother of Magnus II. Vice-regent from 1578, administrator from 1581. Joint rule with his brother Maurice between 1581 and 1612. Father of Augustus and Julius Henry.
Maurice 1551 1581-1612
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
2 November 1612 Katharina von Spörck
1581
(annulled 1582)
no children
Ruled jointly with his brother Francis II.
Augustus 17 February 1577 1619-1656
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
18 January 1656 Elisabeth Sofie of Holstein-Gottorp
5 March 1621
Husum
six children

Catherine of Oldenburg
4 June 1633
no children
Left no male descendants; he was succeeded by his half-brother Julius Henry.
Julius Henry 9 April 1586 1656-1665
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
20 November 1665 Anna of East Frisia
17 March 1617
Grabow
no children

Elisabeth Sophia of Brandenburg
4 June 1633
Toužim
one child

Anna Magdalena of Lobkowicz
18 August 1632
Vienna
six children
Francis Erdmann 25 February 1629 1665-1666
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
30 July 1666 Sibylle Hedwig of Saxe-Lauenburg
1654
no children
Left no descendants; He was succeeded by his brother Julius Francis.
Julius Francis 16 September 1641 1666-1689
Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
30 September 1689 Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach
9 April 1668
Sulzbach
two children

The male line of Saxe-Lauenburg died out in 1689 with Julius Francis's death. The Welfs of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle usurped the territory, preventing the succession of the legitimate heiress, Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg. In fact, George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg was a great-great-grandson of Magnus I through his great-grandmother Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. In 1814, after being deposed by various occupations in the Napoleonic Wars, Prince Regent George passed Saxe-Lauenburg to his cousin, Frederick VI of Denmark, in a general territorial realignment at the Congress of Vienna. In 1865, after the Second Schleswig War, the Treaty of Vienna handed Saxe-Lauenburg to William I of Prussia, to whom the Estates of Saxe-Lauenburg offered the ducal throne. Both duke and estates decided to merge Saxe-Lauenburg into Prussia, as the district Duchy of Lauenburg, with effect from 1 July 1876.

The Ascanian line of Saxe-Wittenberg became extinct with the death of Elector Albert III in 1422, whereafter Emperor Sigismund bestowed the country and electoral dignity upon Margrave Frederick IV of Meissen, who had been a loyal supporter in the Hussite Wars. Late Albert's Ascanian relative Duke Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg protested in vain. Frederick, now one of the seven Prince-electors, was a member of the House of Wettin, which since 1089 had ruled over the adjacent Margraviate of Meissen up the Elbe river, established under Emperor Otto I in 965, and since 1242 also over the Landgraviate of Thuringia. Thus, in 1423, Saxe-Wittenberg, the Margraviate of Meissen and Thuringia were united under one ruler, and the unified territory . gradually received the name of (Upper) Saxony (or simply Saxony).

Partitions of Saxony under Wettin rule

[edit]
Electorate of Saxony
(1422-1464)
Albertine territories Ernestine territories
Albertine Duchy of Saxony
(1464-1547)
Ernestine Electorate of Saxony
(1464-1547)
Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
(1542-1552)
 
Albertine Electorate of Saxony
(1547-1806)
Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
(1547-1554)
 
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
(1554-1566)
Saxe-Gotha
(1554-1565)
Saxe-Weimar
(1554-1566)
Ernestine Duchy of Saxony
(1566-1572)
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
(1572-1596)
Saxe-Weimar
(1572-1741)
Saxe-Coburg
(1596-1633)
Saxe-Eisenach
(1596-1633)
       Saxe-Altenburg
(1603-1672)
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
(1633-1638)
      
Saxe-Eisenach
(1640-1644)
       ' Saxe-Gotha
(1640-1672)
                   Saxe-Zeitz
(1656-1718)
Saxe-Merseburg
(1656-1738)
Saxe-Weissenfels
(1656-1746)
      
Saxe-Eisenach
(1662-1741)
Saxe-Marksuhl
(1662-1671)
  Saxe-Jena
(1662-1690)
  Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
(1672-1826)
Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt
(1684-1690)
  Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
(1680-1739)
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby
(1680-1739)
       Saxe-Hildburghausen
(1675-1826)
Saxe-Eisenberg
(1675-1707)
Saxe-Meiningen
(1675-1918)
Saxe-Saalfeld
(1675-1699)
Saxe-Coburg
(1675-1699)
Saxe-Römhild
(1675-1710)
       Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt
(1699-1713)
Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig
(1691-1715)
       Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg
(1694-1731)
  Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
(1699-1826)
Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme
(1711-1715)
      
              
      
       Saxe-Weissenfels
(-1746)
Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
(1741-1815)
      
Kingdom of Saxony Grand-Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
(1815-1918)
Saxe-Altenburg
(1826-1918)
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
(1826-1918)

Table of rulers

[edit]

(Note: Here the numbering of the princes is the same for all principalities, as all were titled Dukes of Saxony, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The princes are numbered following Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line (their predecessors) and by the year of their succession.)

Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes
Frederick I the Warlike
(Friedrich der Streitbare)
11 April 1370 6 January 1423 - 4 January 1428 4 January 1428 Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony Catherine of Brunswick-Lüneburg
7 February 1402
seven children
After the Wittenberg line of the Ascanians became extinct, the Electorate was given to Frederick, Margrave of Meissen and Landgrave of Thuringia, of the House of Wettin.
Frederick II the Gentle
(Friedrich der Sanftmütige)
22 April 1412 4 January 1428 - 7 September 1464 7 September 1464 Duchy of Saxony and Electorate of Saxony Margaret of Austria
3 June 1431
Leipzig
eight children
Son of Frederick I. Ruled jointly in Saxony with his brothers, but was the sole holder of the Electorate. Father of Ernest and Albert, founders of the Ernestine and Albertine Saxon lines.
Ernest I
(Ernst)
24 March 1441 7 September 1464 - 26 August 1486 26 August 1486 Ernestine
Electorate of Saxony
Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich
25 November 1460
Leipzig
seven children
Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Ernestine line.
Albert V the Bold 27 January 1443 1464–1500 12 September 1500 Albertine
Duchy of Saxony
Sidonie of Poděbrady
11 November 1464
Cheb
nine children
Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Albertine line.
In the Treaty of Leipzig (1485) Ernest and Albert divided the Wettine territories among each other. Ernest retained the Electorate and most of Thuringia, while Albert received Meissen and parts in northern Thuringia.

Ernestine Dukes/Electors of Saxony

[edit]
Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes
Ernest I
(Ernst)
24 March 1441 7 September 1464 - 26 August 1486 26 August 1486 Ernestine
Electorate of Saxony
Elisabeth of Bavaria-Munich
25 November 1460
Leipzig
seven children
Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Ernestine line.
Frederick III the Wise
(Friedrich der Weise)
17 January 1463 26 August 1486 - 5 May 1525 5 May 1525 Ernestine
Electorate of Saxony
Unmarried Son of Ernest. Protector of Martin Luther. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brothers.
John III the Steadfast
(Johann der Beständige)
30 June 1468 5 May 1525 - 16 August 1532 16 August 1532 Ernestine
Electorate of Saxony
Sophie of Mecklenburg
1 March 1500
Torgau
one child

Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen
13 November 1513
Torgau
four children
Co-regent of his brother of Frederick III (26 August 1486 - 5 May 1525), with his own residence at Weimar since 1513. Established Lutheranism in his territories in 1527.
John Frederick I the Magnanimous
(Johann Friedrich I der Großmütige)
30 June 1503 16 August 1532 - 19 May 1547 3 March 1554 Ernestine
Electorate of Saxony
Sibylle of Cleves
9 February 1527
Torgau
four children
Lost his Electoral dignity and territory to his cousin Maurice after being defeated the Emperor in the Schmalkaldic War. He was left with some territories as the Duchy of Saxony. After his death the Duchy of Saxony was divided between his three sons.
19 May 1547 - 1554 Ernestine
Duchy of Saxony
John Ernest I
(Johann Ernst)
10 May 1521 16 August 1532 - 1553 8 February 1553 Ernestine
Duchy of Saxony
Saxe-Coburg
Catherine of Brunswick-Grubenhagen
12 February 1542
Torgau
no children
Ruled together with his brother John Frederick until 1542, after that Duke of Saxe-Coburg. After his death, his territory reverted back to his brother.
Ernestine Duchies
[edit]

Following their displacement by the Albertines, the Ernestine branch of the Wettins continued to rule in southern Thuringia as "Dukes of Saxony", but their lands eventually split up into many different Ernestine duchies.

John Frederick II 8 January 1529 1554-1565 19 May 1595 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Agnes of Hesse
26 May 1555
Weimar
no children

Elisabeth of the Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim
12 June 1558
Weimar
four children
Received Saxe-Weimar. In 1565 united his domains with those of his younger brother in Gotha.
John William I 11 March 1530 1554-1566 2 March 1573 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern
15 June 1560
Heidelberg
five children
Received Saxe-Weimar. In 1565 united his domains with those of his younger brother in Gotha.
John Frederick III the Younger 16 January 1538 1554-1565 21 October 1565 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha
Unmarried Received Saxe-Gotha. However he left its administration to his elder brothers. After his death, his domains were annexed by his elder brother.
John Frederick II 8 January 1529 1565-1566 19 May 1595 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach and Saxe-Gotha
Agnes of Hesse
26 May 1555
Weimar
no children

Elisabeth of the Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim
12 June 1558
Weimar
four children
Reunited his domains with those of his younger brother in Gotha. In 1566 abdicated in favor of his brother John William, who reunited the duchy.
John William I 11 March 1530 1566-1572 2 March 1573 Ernestine
Duchy of Saxony
Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern
15 June 1560
Heidelberg
five children
Reunited Saxony in 1566, after the abdication of his older brother. In 1572, the Division of Erfurt divided Saxony once again, between John William and his nephews, sons of John Frederick II.
John William I 11 March 1530 1572-1573 2 March 1573 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Dorothea Susanne of the Palatinate-Simmern
15 June 1560
Heidelberg
five children
Received Saxe-Weimar again.
John Casimir 12 June 1564 1572-1596 16 July 1633 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Anna of Saxony
16 January 1586
Dresden
no children

Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg
16 September 1599
Coburg
no children
Received Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach together. In 1596 divided the land.
John Ernest II 9 July 1566 23 October 1638 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort
23 November 1591
Wiener Neustadt
one child

Christine of Hesse-Kassel
14 May 1598
Rotenburg an der Fulda
no children
Augustus I, Elector of Saxony
(regent)
31 July 1526 1573-1586 11 February 1586 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Anna of Denmark
7 October 1548
Torgau
fifteen children

Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt
3 January 1586
Dessau
no children
Named regent for Frederick William.
Frederick William I 25 April 1562 1586-1602 7 July 1602 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Sophie of Württemberg
5 May 1583
Weimar
six children

Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg
9 September 1591
Neuburg an der Donau
six children
After his death, his brother took the land and in the next year divided it with his nephews (sons of Frederick William).
John Casimir 12 June 1564 1596-1633 16 July 1633 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg
Anna of Saxony
16 January 1586
Dresden
no children

Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg
16 September 1599
Coburg
no children
Received Saxe-Coburg. Died without descendants and his brother reunited the inherited duchy.
John Ernest II 9 July 1566 1596-1633 23 October 1638 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort
23 November 1591
Wiener Neustadt
one child

Christine of Hesse-Kassel
14 May 1598
Rotenburg an der Fulda
no children
Received Saxe-Eisenach. His brother died without descendants and he reunited the inherited duchy.
John IV 22 May 1570 1602-1605 18 July 1605 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Dorothea Maria of Anhalt
7 January 1593
Altenburg
twelve children
Divided Saxe-Weimar with his nephews in 1603, retaining a smaller Saxe-Weimar (sometimes called Saxe-Weimar-Jena).
John Philip 25 January 1597 1603-1639 1 April 1639 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg
Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
25 October 1618
Altenburg
one child
Received and ruled jointly the newly-created Saxe-Altenburg, after the partition of 1603. None of them had male descendants.
Frederick IV 12 February 1599 1603-1625 24 October 1625 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg
Unmarried
John William II 13 April 1600 1603-1632 2 December 1632 Ernestine
Saxe(-Weimar)-Altenburg
Unmarried
John Ernest III 21 February 1594 1605-1626 6 December 1626 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Unmarried Ruled together the domains of their father. In 1640 divided the land. William kept Saxe-Weimar. In 1644 William reunited his own domains with Albert's.
William I the Great 11 April 1598 1626-1644 17 May 1662 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau
23 May 1625
Weimar
nine children
Albert VI 27 July 1599 1605-1640 20 December 1644 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg
24 June 1633
Weimar
no children
Ernest II the Pious 25 December 1601 26 March 1675 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
24 October 1636
Altenburg
eighteen children
John Ernest II 9 July 1566 1633-1638 23 October 1638 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
Elisabeth of Mansfeld-Hinterort
23 November 1591
Wiener Neustadt
one child

Christine of Hesse-Kassel
14 May 1598
Rotenburg an der Fulda
no children
Reunited Saxe-Eisenach. However died without descendants and his duchy was divided between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach divided between its neighbours Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar
Frederick William II 12 February 1602 1639-1669 22 April 1669 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg
Sophie Elisabeth of Brandenburg
18 September 1638
Altenburg
no children

Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony
11 October 1652
Dresden
three children
Brother of John Philip, Frederick and John William. Succeeded his childless brothers. Received part of Saxe-Weimar-Eiesnach in 1638.
Albert VI 27 July 1599 1640-1644 20 December 1644 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Eisenach
Dorothea of Saxe-Altenburg
24 June 1633
Weimar
no children
Received Saxe-Eisenach from his father. After his death his brother William united Saxe-Eisenach with Saxe-Weimar.
Ernest II the Pious 25 December 1601 1640-1672 26 March 1675 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Gotha
Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
24 October 1636
Altenburg
eighteen children
Received Saxe-Gotha from his father.
William I the Great 11 April 1598 1644-1662 17 May 1662 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach
Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau
23 May 1625
Weimar
nine children
Reunited Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach under his rule. After his death his domains were divided by his four sons.
John Ernest IV 11 September 1627 1662-1683 15 May 1683 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
14 August 1656
Weimar
five children
Son of William I. Received the remaining Saxe-Weimar.
Bernard IV 14 October 1638 1662-1678 3 May 1678 Ernestine
Saxe-Jena
Marie Charlotte de la Trémoille
10 June 1662
Paris
five children
Son of William I. Received Saxe-Jena.
Adolf William 15 May 1632 1662-1668 21 November 1668 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
18 January 1663
Wolfenbüttel
five children
Son of William I. Received Saxe-Eisenach.
John George III 11 April 1598 1662-1671 17 May 1662 Ernestine
Saxe-Marksuhl
Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
29 May 1661
Wallau
nine children
Son of William I. Received Saxe-Marksuhl. Inherited Eisenach from his minor nephew in 1671, merging Marksuhl in Eisenach.
Saxe-Marksuhl was annexed by Saxe-Eisenach
John George III, Duke of Saxe-Marksuhl (regent) 12 July 1634 1668-1671 19 September 1686 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
29 May 1661
Wallau
nine children
Regent for his nephew.
William August 30 November 1668 23 February 1671 Saxe-Eisenach Unmarried Died as a minor. His uncle, as regent, inherited his domain.
John George II, Elector of Saxony (regent) 31 May 1613 1669-1672 22 August 1680 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg
Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
13 November 1638
Dresden
three children
Regent in mae of Frederick William III. The minor duke never reached adulthood.
Frederick William III 12 July 1657 14 April 1672 Ernestine
Saxe (-Weimar) -Altenburg
Unmarried Son of Frederick William II. Died as a minor. His lands were divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar.
Saxe-Altenburg merged in Saxe-Gotha to form Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
John George III 12 July 1634 1671-1686 19 September 1686 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
29 May 1661
Wallau
nine children
Inherited Eisenach from his minor nephew in 1671, merging Marksuhl in Eisenach.
Ernest II the Pious 25 December 1601 1672-1675 26 March 1675 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg
24 October 1636
Altenburg
eighteen children
Reunited his domains and his wife's (as heiress of Saxe-Altenburg).
Frederick V 15 July 1646 1675-1691 2 August 1691 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
14 November 1669
Halle
eight children

Christine of Baden-Durlach
14 August 1681
Ansbach
no children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Albert VII 24 May 1648 1675-1699 6 August 1699 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg
Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
18 July 1676
Gotha
one child

Susanne Elisabeth Kempinsky
24 May 1688
Coburg
morganatic
no children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Coburg. Left no male descendants. His lands were annexed by Saafeld.
Saxe-Coburg merged in Saxe-Saalfeld to form Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Bernard V 10 September 1649 1675-1706 27 April 1706 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt
20 November 1671
Gotha
seven children

Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
25 January 1681
Schöningen
five children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Meiningen.
Henry V 19 November 1650 1675-1710 13 May 1710 Ernestine
Saxe-Römhild
Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt
1 March 1676
Darmstadt
no children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Römhild. Left no descendants and his lands were anexed to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Saxe-Römhild was annexed by Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Christian IV 6 January 1653 1675-1707 28 April 1707 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenberg
Christiane of Saxe-Merseburg
13 February 1677
Merseburg
one child

Sophie Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt
9 February 1681
Darmstadt
no children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Eisenberg. Left no male descendants and his lands were anexed to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Eisenberg was annexed by Saxe-Hildburghausen
Ernest III 12 June 1655 1675-1715 17 October 1715 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Sophie of Waldeck
30 November 1680
Arolsen
eighteen children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Hildburghausen.
John Ernest V 22 August 1658 1675-1699 17 February 1729 Ernestine
Saxe-Saalfeld
Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg
18 February 1680
Merseburg
five children

Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen
2 December 1690
Maastricht
eight children
Son of Ernest II. Received Saxe-Saafeld. In 1699 reunified it with Saxe-Coburg, forming Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
John Ernest IV, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (regent) 11 September 1627 1678-1683 15 May 1683 Ernestine
Saxe-Jena
Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
14 August 1656
Weimar
five children
Regent for his nephew.
John George III, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (regent) 12 July 1634 1683-1686 19 September 1686 Ernestine
Saxe-Jena
Johannetta of Sayn-Wittgenstein
29 May 1661
Wallau
nine children
Regent for his nephew.
William Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (regent) 19 October 1662 1686-1690 26 August 1728 Ernestine
Saxe-Jena
Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena
2 November 1683
Eisenach
no children
Regent for his cousin.
John William III 28 March 1675 1678-1690 4 November 1690 Ernestine
Saxe-Jena
Unmarried Son of Bernard IV. Died as a minor.
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach divided between its neighbours Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Weimar
William Ernest I 19 October 1662 1683-1728 26 August 1728 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Charlotte Marie of Saxe-Jena
2 November 1683
Eisenach
no children
Ruled jointly. John Ernest was just a nominal ruler; William Ernest had full government.
John Ernest VI 22 June 1664 1683-1707 10 May 1707 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Sophie Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst
11 October 1685
Zerbst
five children

Charlotte of Hesse-Homburg
4 November 1694
Kassel
four children
John George V 24 July 1665 1686-1698 10 November 1698 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Sophie Charlotte of Württemberg
20 September 1688
Kirchheim unter Teck
no children
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Bernard V, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (regent) 10 September 1649 1691-1693 27 April 1706 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt
20 November 1671
Gotha
seven children

Elisabeth Eleonore of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
25 January 1681
Schöningen
five children
Regents in name of their nephew, Frederick VI.
Henry V, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (regent) 19 November 1650 13 May 1710 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt
1 March 1676
Darmstadt
no children
Frederick VI 28 July 1676 1693-1732 23 March 1732 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
7 June 1696
Gotha
nineteen children
John William IV 17 October 1666 1698-1729 14 January 1729 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Amalie of Nassau-Dietz
28 November 1690
Oranjewoud
two children

Christine Juliane of Baden-Durlach
27 February 1697
Wolfenbüttel
seven children

Magdalene Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels
28 July 1708
Weissenfels
three children

Marie Christine Felizitas of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg-Heidesheim
29 May 1727
Hanau
no children
John Ernest V 22 August 1658 1699-1729 17 February 1729 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Sophie Hedwig of Saxe-Merseburg
18 February 1680
Merseburg
five children

Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen
2 December 1690
Maastricht
eight children
In 1699 reunified Saxe-Saafeld with Saxe-Coburg, forming Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
Ernest Louis I 7 October 1672 1706-1724 24 November 1724 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Dorothea Marie of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
19 September 1704
Gotha
five children

Elisabeth Sophie of Brandenburg
3 June 1714
Coburg
no children
Ernest Frederick I 21 August 1681 1715-1724 9 March 1724 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach
4 February 1704
Erbach im Odenwald
fourteen children
Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach (regent) 30 July 1683 1724-1728 4 September 1742 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Ernest Frederick I
4 February 1704
Erbach im Odenwald
fourteen children
Regent on behalf of her son.
Ernest Frederick II 17 December 1707 1728-1745 13 August 1745 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau
19 June 1726
Fürstenau
four children
Ernest Louis II 8 August 1709 1724-1729 24 February 1729 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Unmarried Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Ernest Augustus I 19 April 1688 1728-1741 19 January 1748 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar
Eleonore Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Köthen
2 November 1683
Nienburg
eight children

Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
7 April 1734
Bayreuth
four children
Son of John Ernest VI. Reunited under his rule the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach.
William Henry 10 November 1691 1729-1741 26 July 1741 Ernestine
Saxe-Eisenach
Albertine Juliane of Nassau-Idstein
15 February 1713
Idstein
no children

Anna Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Schwedt
3 June 1723
Berlin
no children
Left no descendants: Saxe-Eisenach merged with Saxe-Weimar.
Saxe-Eisenach merged in Saxe-Weimar to form Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Christian Ernest 18 August 1683 1729-1745 4 September 1745 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Christiane Fredericka of Koss
18 August 1724
Naitschau
(morganatic)
no children
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Charles Frederick I 18 July 1712 1729-1743 28 March 1743 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Unmarried Brother of Ernest Louis II. Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his uncle.
Frederick VIII 14 April 1699 1732-1772 10 March 1772 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen
17 September 1729
Gotha
eight children
Ernest Augustus I 19 April 1688 1741-1748 19 January 1748 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Eleonore Wilhelmine of Anhalt-Köthen
2 November 1683
Nienburg
eight children

Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
7 April 1734
Bayreuth
four children
Reunited under his rule the duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach.
Frederick William IV 16 February 1679 1743-1746 10 March 1746 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Unmarried Brother of Ernest Louis I. Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his half-brother.
Caroline of Erbach-Fürstenau (regent) 29 September 1700 1745-1748 7 May 1758 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Ernest Frederick II
19 June 1726
Fürstenau
four children
Regent on behalf of her son.
Ernest Frederick III 10 June 1727 1748-1780 23 September 1780 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Louise of Denmark
1 October 1749
Copenhagen
one child

Christiane Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
20 January 1757
Copenhagen
one child

Ernestine of Saxe-Weimar
1 July 1758
Bayreuth
three children
Francis Josias 25 September 1697 1745-1764 16 September 1764 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2 January 1723
Rudolstadtbr>eight children
Brother of Christian Ernest.
Anthony Ulrich 22 October 1687 1746-1763 27 January 1763 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Philippine Elisabeth Caesar
January 1711
morganatic
ten children

Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal
26 September 1750
Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
eight children
Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (regent) 25 September 1697 1748-1755 16 September 1764 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2 January 1723
Rudolstadtbr>eight children
Regents in name of Ernest Augstus I's son, Ernest Augustus II.
Frederick VIII, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (regent) 14 April 1699 10 March 1772 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen
17 September 1729
Gotha
eight children
Ernest Augustus II 2 June 1737 1755-1758 28 May 1758 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2 November 1683
Brunswick
two children
Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (regent) 24 October 1739 1758-1775 10 April 1807 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Ernest Augustus II
2 November 1683
Brunswick
two children
Charles Augustus 3 September 1757 1775-1828 14 June 1828 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
3 October 1775
Karlsruhe
seven children
In 1815 his rank of Duke was elevated to Grand Duke; from 1815 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach becomes a Grand Duchy.
Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal (regent) 11 August 1730 1763-1779 7 September 1801 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Anthony Ulrich
26 September 1750
Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
eight children
Charles William 19 November 1754 1779-1782 21 January 1782 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Louise of Stolberg-Gedern
5 June 1780
Gedern
no children
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Ernest Frederick IV 8 March 1724 1764-1800 8 September 1800 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
23 April 1749
Wolfenbüttelbr>seven children
Ernest IV 30 January 1745 1772-1804 20 April 1804 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen
21 March 1769
Meiningen
four children
Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen (regent) 5 October 1702 1780-1787 4 January 1787 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Maria Anna Victoria of Savoy
17 April 1738
Paris
(annulled 1757)
no children
Son of Ernest III. Regent on behalf of Frederick VIII.
Frederick IX 29 April 1763 1787-1826 29 September 1834 Ernestine
Saxe-Hildburghausen
Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3 September 1785
Hildburghausen
twelve children
Inherited Altenburg from Frederick X. The duchy changed its name to Saxe-Altenburg.
George II 4 February 1761 1782-1803 24 December 1803 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
27 November 1782
Langenburg
four children
Francis 15 July 1750 1800-1806 9 December 1806 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen
6 March 1776
Hildburghausen
no children

Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
13 June 1777
Ebersdorf
ten children
Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (regent) 11 August 1763 1803-1821 30 April 1837 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
George I
27 November 1782
Langenburg
four children
Regent on behalf of her son.
Bernard VI 17 December 1800 1821-1882 3 December 1882 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel
23 March 1825
Kassel
two children
Augustus IV 23 November 1772 1804-1822 17 May 1822 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
21 October 1797
Ludwigslust
one child

Karoline Amalie of Hesse-Kassel
24 April 1802
Kassel
no children
Left no male descendants. The land was inherited by his brother Frederick
Ernest V 2 January 1784 1806-1844 29 January 1844 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1800-1826)

Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826-1844)
Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
3 July 1817
Gotha
two children

Marie of Württemberg
23 December 1832
Coburg
no children
Inherited Gotha from Frederick IX, but had to cede Saafeld to Saxe-Meiningen. The duchy changed its name to Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Frederick X 28 November 1774 1822-1825 11 February 1825 Ernestine
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Unmarried Brother of Augustus. Left no male descendants. The land was divided between Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg divided between its neighbours Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen
Frederick IX 29 April 1763 1826-1834 29 September 1834 Ernestine
Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg
Charlotte Georgine of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3 September 1785
Hildburghausen
twelve children
Inherited Altenburg from Frederick X. The duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen changed its name to Saxe-Altenburg.
Charles Frederick II 2 February 1783 1828-1853 8 July 1853 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Maria Pavlovna of Russia
3 August 1804
St. Petersburg
four children
Joseph 27 August 1789 1834-1848 25 November 1868 Ernestine
Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg
Amelia of Württemberg
24 April 1817
Kirchheim unter Teck
six children
He implemented several buildings in Altenburg, but his government was considered conservative and resistant to reform; for this, he was forced to abdicate during the civil revolution of 1848. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother George.
Ernest VI 21 June 1818 1844-1893 22 August 1893 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Alexandrine of Baden
3 May 1842
Karlsruhe
no children
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his nephews.
George III 24 July 1796 1848-1853 3 August 1853 Ernestine
Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg
Marie Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
7 October 1825
Ludwigslust
three children
Brother of Joseph.
Charles Alexander 24 June 1818 1853-1901 5 January 1901 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Sophie of the Netherlands
8 October 1842
The Hague
four children
Ernest VII 16 February 1826 1853-1908 7 February 1908 Ernestine
Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg
Agnes of Anhalt-Dessau
28 April 1853
Ludwigslust
two children
Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his nephew.
George IV 2 April 1826 1882-1914 25 June 1914 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Charlotte of Prussia
18 May 1850
Berlin
four children

Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
23 October 1858
Langenburg
three children

Ellen Franz
18 March 1873
Liebenstein
(morganatic)
no children
Alfred 6 August 1844 1893-1900 30 July 1900 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
23 January 1874
St Petersburg
six children
Son of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria.
Charles Edward 19 July 1884 1900-1918 6 March 1954 Ernestine
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein
11 October 1905
Schleswig
five children
Son of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany; Nephew of Alfred. Monarchy abolished in 1918.
William Ernest II 10 June 1876 1901-1918 24 April 1923 Ernestine
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Caroline Reuss of Greiz
30 April 1903
Bückeburg
no children

Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen
14 January 1910
Meiningen
four children
Grandson of Charles Alexander, as son of Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Monarchy abolished in 1918.
Ernest VIII 31 August 1871 1908-1918 22 March 1955 Ernestine
Saxe (-Hildburghausen)-Altenburg
Adelaide of Schaumburg-Lippe
17 February 1898
Bückeburg
(annulled 1920)
four children

Maria Triebel
15 July 1934
Trockenborn-Wolfersdorf
(morganatic)
no children
Grandson of George III, as son of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg. Monarchy abolished in 1918.
Bernard VII 1 April 1851 1914-1918 16 January 1928 Ernestine
Saxe-Meiningen
Charlotte of Prussia
18 February 1878
Berlin
two children
Monarchy abolished in 1918.

Albertine Dukes/Electors of Saxony

[edit]

(Note: Here the numbering of the princes is the same for all principalities, as all were titled Dukes of Saxony, despite of the different parts of land and its particular numbering of the rulers. The princes are numbered following Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg line (their predecessors) and by the year of their succession.)

Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes
Albert V the Bold 27 January 1443 1464–1500 12 September 1500 Albertine
Duchy of Saxony
Sidonie of Poděbrady
11 November 1464
Cheb
nine children
Son of Frederick II. He was the founder and progenitor of the Albertine line.
George I the Bearded 27 August 1471 1500-1539 17 April 1539 Albertine
Duchy of Saxony
Barbara of Poland
21 November 1496
Dresden
ten children
Proponent of Catholic Reform and a staunch opponent of Martin Luther. Left no surviving male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother Henry.
Henry IV 16 March 1473 1539-1541 18 August 1541 Albertine
Duchy of Saxony
Catherine of Mecklenburg
69 January 1541
Marburg
nine children
Succeeded his brother of George I. He established Lutheranism in Albertine Saxony.
Maurice I
(Moritz)
21 March 1521 1541-1547 9 July 1553 Albertine
Duchy of Saxony
Agnes of Hesse
9 January 1541
Marburg
two children
Second cousin of John Frederick, grandson of Albert. Though a Lutheran, allied with Emperor Charles V against the Schmalkaldic League. Gained the Electorate for the Albertine line in 1547 after Charles V's victory at the Battle of Mühlberg. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother Augustus.
4 June 1547 - 9 July 1553 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Augustus I
(August)
31 July 1526 9 July 1553 - 11 February 1586 11 February 1586 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Anna of Denmark
7 October 1548
Torgau
fifteen children

Agnes Hedwig of Anhalt
3 January 1586
Dessau
no children
Brother of Maurice. Recognized as Elector by the ousted John Frederick I in 1554.
Christian I
(Christian I)
21 March 1521 11 February 1586 - 25 September 1591 25 September 1591 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Sophie of Brandenburg
25 April 1582
Dresden
seven children
Sophie of Brandenburg (regent) 6 June 1568 25 September 1591 - c.1601 7 December 1622 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Christian I
25 April 1582
Dresden
seven children
Regent on behalf of her son Christian II.
Christian II
(Christian II)
23 September 1583 c.1601 - 23 June 1611 23 June 1611 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Hedwig of Denmark
12 September 1602
Dresden
no children
John George I
(Johann Georg I)
5 March 1585 23 June 1611 - 8 October 1656 8 October 1656 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Sibylle Elisabeth of Württemberg
16 September 1604
Dresden
one child

Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
19 July 1607
Torgau
ten children
Brother of Christian II.
John George II
(Johann Georg II)
31 May 1613 8 October 1656 - 22 August 1680 22 August 1680 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Magdalene Sibylle of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
13 November 1638
Dresden
three children
Augustus II 13 August 1614 1656-1680 4 June 1680 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
23 November 1647
Schwerin
twelve children

Johanna Walpurgis of Leiningen-Westerburg
29 January 1672
Halle
three children
Son of Elector John George I. Inherited Saxe-Weissenfels. After his death, Weissenfels was divided.
Christian III 27 October 1615 1656-1691 18 October 1691 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
19 November 1650
Dresden
eleven children
Son of Elector John George I. Inherited Saxe-Merseburg.
Maurice II 28 March 1619 1662-1681 4 December 1681 Albertine
Saxe-Zeitz
Sophie Hedwig of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
19 November 1650
Dresden
two children

Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Weimar
3 July 1656
Weimar
ten children

Sophie Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
14 June 1676
Wiesenburg
no children
Son of Elector John George I. Inherited Saxe-Merseburg.
John George IV
(Johann Georg III)
20 June 1647 22 August 1680 - 12 September 1691 12 September 1691 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Anna Sophie of Denmark
9 October 1666
Copenhagen
two children
John Adolph I 2 November 1649 1680-1697 24 May 1697 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg
25 October 1671
Altenburg
eleven children

Christiane Wilhelmine of Bünau
3 February 1692
Querfurt
(morganatic)
eleven children
Inherited the remaining Saxe-Weissenfels.
Henry VI 29 September 1657 1680-1728 16 February 1728 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby
Elisabeth Albertine of Anhalt-Dessau
30 March 1686
Dessau
seven children
Inherited Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby.
Maurice William I 12 March 1664 1681-1718 15 November 1718 Albertine
Saxe-Zeitz
Marie Amalie of Brandenburg
25 June 1689
Potsdam
five children
Left no descendants. After his death Saxe-Zeitz merged in the Electorate.
Saxe-Zeitz merged in the Electorate of Saxony
Philip 26 October 1657 1684-1690 1 July 1690 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg-Lauchstädt
Eleonore Sophie of Saxe-Weimar
9 July 1684
Weimar
two children

Louise Elisabeth of Württemberg-Oels
17 August 1688
Bernstadt
one child
Son of Christian. Received from his father the town of Lauchstädt, and ruled it in his father's lifetime. After his death his land returned to is father.
John George VI
(Johann Georg IV)
18 October 1668 12 September 1691 - 27 April 1694 27 April 1694 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach
17 April 1692
Leipzig
no children
Christian V 19 November 1653 1691-1694 20 October 1694 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz
14 October 1679
Moritzburg
seven children
Augustus III 15 February 1655 1691-1715 27 March 1715 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig
Hedwig of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
1 December 1686
Güstrow
eight children
Son of Christian. Received from his brother the town of Zörbig. Left no male descendants. His lands returned to Saxe-Merseburg.
Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig merged in Saxe-Merseburg
Frederick Augustus I the Strong
(Friedrich August I)
12 May 1670 27 April 1694 - 1 February 1733 1 February 1733 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
20 January 1693
Bayreuth
one child
Brother of John George IV. Converted to Catholicism 1697 in order to compete for the crown of Poland. Took the Polish crown 1697, opposed by Stanisław Leszczyński, in 1704, forced to renounce the throne 1706, returned as monarch 1709 until his death.
Henry VII 2 September 1661 1694-1731 28 July 1738 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg
Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
29 March 1692
Güstrow
three children
Son of Christian. Received from his brother the town of Spremberg. In 1731 succeeded in Saxe-Merseburg, reuniting its original lands with those he unexpectedly inherited.
Saxe-Merseburg-Spremberg merged in Saxe-Merseburg
Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (regent) 12 May 1670 1694-1712 1 February 1733 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth
20 January 1693
Bayreuth
one child
Regents on behalf of Christian Maurice, and then of Maurice Wilhelm.
Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz 13 November 1661 29 April 1720 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Christian II
14 October 1679
Moritzburg
seven children
Christian VI Maurice 7 November 1680 1694 14 November 1694 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Erdmuthe Dorothea of Saxe-Zeitz
14 October 1679
Moritzburg
seven children
Maurice William II 5 February 1688 1712-1731 21 April 1731 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Henriette Charlotte of Nassau-Idstein
4 November 1711
Istein
one child
Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his uncle, Henry.
John George VII 13 July 1677 1697-1712 16 March 1712 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Fredericka Elisabeth of Saxe-Eisenach
7 January 1698
Jena
seven children
Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother Christian.
Frederick Henry 21 July 1668 1699-1713 18 December 1713 Albertine
Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt
Sophie Angelika of Württemberg-Oels
23 April 1699
Oleśnica
no children

Anna Fredericka Philippine of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
27 February 1702
Moritzburg
two children
Son of Maurice. Received from his brother the towns of Pegau and Neustadt. Left no male descendants. His lands returned to Saxe-Zeitz.
Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt merged in Saxe-Zeitz
Frederick VII 20 November 1673 1711-1715 16 April 1715 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme
Emilie Agnes Reuss of Schleiz
13 February 1711
Dahme
no children
Son of Augustus. His brother John Adolph gave him in 1711 Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme. After his death Dahme was reabsorbed by Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Dahme merged in Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Christian VII 23 February 1682 1712-1736 28 June 1736 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Louise Christine of Stolberg-Stolberg-Ortenberg
12 May 1712
Stolberg
no children
Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother John Adolf.
George Albert 19 April 1695 1728-1739 12 June 1739 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby
Auguste Louise of Württemberg-Oels
18 February 1721
Forst
no children
Left no descendants, and his land merged in Saxe-Weissenfels.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Barby merged in Saxe-Weissenfels
Henry VII 2 September 1661 1731-1738 28 July 1738 Albertine
Saxe-Merseburg
Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
29 March 1692
Güstrow
three children
In 1731 succeeded in Saxe-Merseburg, reuniting its original lands with those he unexpectedly inherited. Left no descendants and Saxe-Merseburg merged in the Electorate of Saxony.
Saxe-Merseburg merged in the Electorate of Saxony
Frederick Augustus II
(Friedrich August II)
17 October 1696 1 February 1733 - 5 October 1763 5 October 1763 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Maria Josepha of Austria
20 August 1719
Dresden
sixteen children
Son of Frederick Augustus I. Converted to Catholicism 1712. King of Poland 1734–1763.
John Adolph II 4 September 1685 1736-1746 16 May 1746 Albertine
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt
Johannette Antoinette Juliane of Saxe-Eisenach
9 May 1721
Eisenach
one child

Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
27 November 1734
Altenburg
five children
Left no male descendants. After his death the Duchy was reannexed by the Electorate of Saxony.
Saxe-Weissenfels-Querfurt merged in the Electorate of Saxony
Frederick Christian
(Friedrich Christian)
5 September 1722 5 October 1763 - 17 December 1763 17 December 1763 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Maria Antonia of Bavaria
13 June 1747
Munich
(by proxy)
20 June 1747
Dresden
(in person)
nine children
Son of Frederick Augustus II, raised Catholic.
Maria Antonia of Bavaria (regent) 18 July 1724 17 December 1763 - c.1768 23 April 1780 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Frederick Christian
13 June 1747
Munich
(by proxy)
20 June 1747
Dresden
(in person)
nine children
Regent on behalf of her son and heir, Frederick Augustus.
Frederick Augustus III
(Friedrich August III)
23 December 1750 c.1768 - 20 December 1806 5 May 1827 Albertine
Electorate of Saxony
Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
17 January 1769
Mannheim
(by proxy)
29 January 1769
Dresden
(in person)
four children
Son of Frederick Christian. His Electorate ceased with the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, and he became King of Saxony.
In 1806 The Elector of Saxony became king of an independent Kingdom of Saxony. For the kings that followed the electors, see below the Kingdom of Saxony. For the multiple duchies that were contemporaries of this kingdom, see the later entries under Ernestine duchies.

Kingdom of Saxony

[edit]

The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. The Elector of Saxony, allied to Napoleon I, became King of an independent Saxony. The numbering resets in this point.

Ruler Born Reign Death Ruling part Consort Notes
Frederick Augustus I
(Friedrich August I)
23 December 1750 20 December 1806 - 5 May 1827 5 May 1827 Kingdom of Saxony Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
17 January 1769
Mannheim
(by proxy)
29 January 1769
Dresden
(in person)
four children
In 1806 became King of Saxony. Also Duke of Warsaw 1807–1813. Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Anthony the Kind
(Anton der Gütige)
27 December 1755 5 May 1827 - 6 June 1836 6 June 1836 Kingdom of Saxony Maria Carolina of Savoy
29 September 1781
Stupinigi
(by proxy)
24 October 1781
Dresden
(in person)
four children

Maria Theresa of Austria
8 September 1787
Florence
(by proxy)
18 October 1787
Dresden
(in person)
four children
Left no male descendants. He was succeeded by his nephew.
Frederick Augustus II
(Friedrich August II)
18 May 1797 6 June 1836 - 9 August 1854 9 August 1854 Kingdom of Saxony Maria Carolina of Austria
26 September 1819
Vienna
(by proxy)
7 October 1819
Dresden
(by person)
no children

Maria Anna of Bavaria
24 April 1833
Dresden
no children
Son of Prince Maximilian of Saxony. Left no descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
John
(Johann I)
12 December 1801 9 August 1854 - 29 October 1873 29 October 1873 Kingdom of Saxony Amalie Auguste of Bavaria
10 November 1822
Munich
(by proxy)
21 November 1822
Dresden
(in person)
nine children
Saxony became part of a unified Germany in 1871.
Albert the Good
(Albrecht I)
23 April 1828 29 October 1873 - 19 June 1902 19 June 1902 Kingdom of Saxony Carola of Sweden
18 June 1853
Dresden
no children
George
(Georg)
8 August 1832 19 June 1902 - 15 October 1904 15 October 1904 Kingdom of Saxony Maria Anna of Portugal
11 May 1859
Lisbon
eight children
Frederick Augustus III
(Friedrich August III)
25 May 1865 15 October 1904 - 13 November 1918 18 February 1932 Kingdom of Saxony Louise of Austria
21 November 1891
Vienna
(annulled by royal decree in 1903, after her escape from court)
seven children
The last King of Saxony. Abdicated in the German Revolution.[1]

References

A barnstar for you!

[edit]
The Copyeditor's Barnstar
For correcting, improving, and communication with others. Nice work. Kyle(talk) 15:18, 3 October 2018 (UTC)[reply]

"King of Germany" listed at Redirects for discussion

[edit]

An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect King of Germany and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 December 2#King of Germany until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Srnec (talk) 14:35, 2 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]

September 2023

[edit]

Information icon Hello, I'm Bedivere. Wikipedia is written by people who have a wide diversity of opinions, but we try hard to make sure articles have a neutral point of view. Your recent edit to 2022 proposed Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile seemed less than neutral and has been removed. If you think this was a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Bedivere (talk) 22:45, 13 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]

Leamington Spa

[edit]

According to the Ordnance Survey maps the street name is Parade, no definite article. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 20:49, 15 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]

And still, everybody in Leamington calls it "The Parade". Even if the article were not part of the name, in a sentence the article (in this case definitely lower case) has to be included. The article does this in each and every other occurence. Reverting the article back out in this one occurence is obviously wrong. Str1977 (talk) 21:46, 15 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
And your source for claiming that everybody in Leamington Spa calls it that is? the article should not be part of the link. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 08:25, 16 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I've lived there. Which "link" are you talking about? Str1977 (talk) 20:54, 16 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
The fact that you lived there is not a reliable source. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 21:57, 16 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Neither is your insistence that in one instance (and only one) the street must be named without the article. Str1977 (talk) 22:50, 16 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I've supplied a source for that, Ordnance Survey. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 08:10, 17 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
You've supplied no source for your claim that in a sentence the (supposedly official) street name "Parade" should not be prefaced with an article. And since you seem to care nothing for consistency, I cannot take your argument seriously. Str1977 (talk) 15:48, 17 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
I am not insisting that it should apply in only one instance. That is your interpretation. I am stating the name is Parade without an article, as shown in the street signs and on the relevant Ordnance survey maps. Murgatroyd49 (talk) 15:57, 17 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Have you even read the article on that street and the references given there, including this one. Str1977 (talk) 17:09, 17 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]

ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message

[edit]

Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.

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On Traditionis custodes: please do not add claims from primary sources as if those were proven. Veverve (talk) 14:13, 14 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]

I did not. You however reinserted the weasel word "claim". Str1977 (talk) 14:24, 14 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]

Matthias Erzberger

[edit]

Sorry for overdoing my revert when it came to the infobox. Your changes to his stint as minister without portfolio did have the correct info (although I had to make a change today to get the chancellors to display). But I am going to insist on President Friedrich Ebert - you're right that he wasn't minister president as the article originally said, but he was elected president by the National Assembly on 11 Feb 1919. Hope we're good now? GHStPaulMN (talk) 11:45, 6 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]

When was Erzberger appointed chairman of the armistice commission? If after 11 Feb, then yes, it was under President Ebert. But it would be simultanously under Minister-President Scheidemann.
My main point was that Ebert was never minister-president but served as Chancellor from the "abdication" of Wilhelm II until his own election as President. Str1977 (talk) 12:23, 6 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]

June 2024

[edit]

Information icon Welcome to Wikipedia. Editors are expected to treat each other with respect and civility. On this encyclopedia project, editors assume good faith while interacting with other editors. Here is Wikipedia's welcome page, and it is hoped that you will assume the good faith of other editors and continue to help us improve Wikipedia! Thank you very much! Darkwarriorblake (talk) 16:09, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

I've been on Wikipedia for 19 years so your message here is insulting. Maybe you should heed your own advice.
You showed no reasoning behind your repeated reverting of my changes - and "unnecessary" is not a legitimate reasoning. Str1977 (talk) 16:12, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
If you've been here 19 years you would know about: A) WP: BRD, and B) not accusing someone of ownership just because they're undoing your edits. Unnecessary is legitimate, I can write "not an improvement" if you'd prefer but the same message is delivered. We also have a spoken version of the article on top of it being a Featured Article so changes should have a significant reasoning behind them. For example you moved content about casting of minor characters above main characters for no reason. That would not be an improvement. You keep saying that George was not spying on Lorraine despite him being outside her house peeping into a bedroom window and not being quite as pregnant as her mom, and changing the credit for Lorraine Baines McFly to Lorraine Baines/McFly, when noone uses a slash in a double surname, at least not in English. You can feel your edits were warranted and WP: BRD would tell you to take it to the talk page to discuss it and gain support, my opinion is they were negative for the article and so I restored it to it's agreed upon and supported version. That's not a reason to take it personally. EDIT: I can also see you've changed Lorraine's name on the character list to Lorraine Baines/McFly with a note saying she was never Baines McFly, and yet the official site says she was. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 16:23, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
"not an improvement" is even worse. It amounts to no reason.
If you don't want to be accused of claiming OWNership, don't behave that way.
If it is really Lorraine, I am sure you can prove it.
The "double surname" doesn't exist. She is first called Baines, then McFly. The "official site" is no reliable source for that. Only the film is. Str1977 (talk) 16:48, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
:/ I thought that would be the end of it but you're still claiming it's ownership to disagree with you and challenging me to prove things in the film. I think our discussion is at an end, use the film's talk page to solicit further input, I have no wish to interact with you further with that attitude. Darkwarriorblake (talk) 17:13, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]
It is ownership to blanket revert any changes to an article even though can only claim that they are "unnecessary" or "not an improvement". Str1977 (talk) 17:34, 3 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

de jure

[edit]

Winkler: "Überdies wurde Deutschland seit dem 3. Oktober 1918 de facto und seit dem 28. Oktober de jure parlamentarisch regiert."

I'll leave it here and let you decide if de jure is an "empty" phrase. (Your last update is grammatically incorrect and needs to be changed anyway.) GHStPaulMN (talk) 11:21, 21 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]

If you want to replace "gay" with "lesbian", then cite new sources. The current citations just use gay. There is nothing such as lesbian there.[1][2]: said Deville—who is Daria Berenato, the first openly gay female wrestler in WWE history... --Mann Mann (talk) 20:08, 18 July 2024 (UTC)[reply]

By definition, a homosexual woman is called lesbian, a homosexual man is called gay. Citations misusing these terms is no reason for WP to follow suite. Also, the consensus on the talk page favours "lesbian". Str1977 (talk) 20:41, 18 July 2024 (UTC)[reply]