た
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Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 太 in the cursive sōsho style.
Pronunciation
[edit]Syllable
[edit]- The hiragana syllable た (ta). Its equivalent in katakana is タ (ta). It is the sixteenth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is た行あ段 (ta-gyō a-dan, “row ta, section a”).
Derived terms
[edit]- だ (da)
See also
[edit]- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
[edit]From たる (taru), the 連体形 (rentaikei, “adnominal form”) of the classical auxiliary verb たり (tari), in turn a contraction of てあり (te ari), from て (te, conjunctive form of classical completion auxiliary つ (tsu)) + あり (ari).[1]
Alternative forms
[edit]- だ (-da, when used on -bu, -gu, -mu, and -nu godan verbs)
Suffix
[edit]- indicates a past or completed action
- 昨日出張から帰ってきた
- Kinō shutchō kara kaette kita
- I returned from my business trip yesterday.
- 原稿をやっと書いたよ
- Genkō o yatto kaita yo
- I have finally finished my manuscript.
- 掃除が終わったら、ごみを出しに行きなさい
- Sōji ga owattara, gomi o dashi ni iki nasai
- Once you have finished cleaning, go dispose of the trash.
- 1982, Jun'ichi Watanabe, Makeup:
- あの人はもう起きたろうか
- Ano hito wa mō okitarō ka
- I wonder if he has woken up.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 昨日出張から帰ってきた
- indicates the realization of a situation that has not realized
- 話が出た時点で考えよう
- Hanashi ga deta jiten de kangaeyō
- Let's talk about it later when that question actually comes up.
- 今度会ったとき話すよ
- Kondo atta toki hanasu yo
- I will tell you when we meet next time.
- 話が出た時点で考えよう
- indicates the resulting state of an action
- 割れたガラス窓から風が吹き込む
- Wareta garasu mado kara kaze ga fukikomu
- The wind keeps blowing in through the broken glass window.
- 割れたガラス窓から風が吹き込む
- at the end of a sentence:
- indicates speaker's declaration, confirmation, or sudden realization
- あれ、君はそこにいたの
- Are, kimi wa soko ni ita no
- Oh, there you are.
- 坊やは今年いくつだった
- Bōya wa kotoshi ikutsu datta
- How old are you, boy?
- もうやめた
- Mō yameta
- I have had enough.
- (literally, “I have decided to give up.”)
- よし、その品買った
- Yoshi, sono shina katta
- Alright, I've decided to buy it.
- あとは頼んだぞ。
- Ato wa tanonda zo.
- I leave the rest to you.
- あれ、君はそこにいたの
- makes a light command
- indicates speaker's declaration, confirmation, or sudden realization
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix follows the 音便 (onbin, “euphonic changes”) forms of certain part of speech classes, some of which cause the suffix た (-ta) to be voiced as だ (-da):
non-accented [0] word | dictionary form | -ta form | accented [-2] word | dictionary form | -ta form |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
godan verbs (type 1) | |||||
聞く | きく (kìkú) | きいた (kìítá) | 書く | かく (káꜜkù) | かいた (káꜜìtà) |
嗅ぐ | かぐ (kàgú) | かいだ (kàídá) | 泳ぐ | およぐ (òyóꜜgù) | およいだ (òyóꜜìdà) |
貸す | かす (kàsú) | かした (kàshítá) かいた (kàítá) (dialectal) |
話す | はなす (hànáꜜsù) | はなした (hànáꜜshìtà) はないた (hànáꜜìtà) (dialectal) |
取り持つ | とりもつ (tòrímótsú) | とりもった (tòrímóttá) | 立つ | たつ (táꜜtsù) | たった (táꜜttà) |
死ぬ | しぬ (shìnú) | しんだ (shìńdá) | 凍え死ぬ | こごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù) | こごえしんだ (kògóéshíꜜǹdà) |
呼ぶ | よぶ (yòbú) | よんだ (yòńdá) ようだ (yòódá) (dialectal) |
選ぶ | えらぶ (èráꜜbù) | えらんだ (èráꜜǹdà) えろうだ (èróꜜòdà) (dialectal, historically えらうだ) |
望む | のぞむ (nòzómú) | のぞんだ (nòzóńdá) のぞうだ (nòzóódá) (dialectal) |
読む | よむ (yóꜜmù) | よんだ (yóꜜǹdà) ようだ (yóꜜòdà) (dialectal) |
終わる | おわる (òwárú) | おわった (òwáttá) | 作る | つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) | つくった (tsùkúꜜttà) |
言う | いう (ìú) ゆう (yùú) |
いった (ìttá) ゆった (yùttá) ゆうた (yùútá) (Kansai, historically いうた) |
会う | あう (áꜜù) | あった (áꜜttà) おうた (óꜜòtà) (Kansai, historically あうた) |
追う | おう (òú) | おった (òttá) おうた (òótá) (Kansai) |
食う | くう (kúꜜù) | くった (kúꜜttà) くうた (kúꜜùtà) (Kansai) |
kami ichidan verbs (type 2a) | |||||
似る | にる (nìrú) | にた (nìtá) | 見る | みる (míꜜrù) | みた (míꜜtà) |
借りる | かりる (kàrírú) | かりた (kàrítá) | 生きる | いきる (ìkíꜜrù) | いきた (íꜜkìtà) |
感じる | かんじる (kàńjírú) | かんじた (kàńjítá) | 用いる | もちいる (mòchííꜜrù) | もちいた (mòchíꜜìtà) |
shimo ichidan verbs (type 2b) | |||||
寝る | ねる (nèrú) | ねた (nètá) | 出る | でる (déꜜrù) | でた (déꜜtà) |
開ける | あける (àkérú) | あけた (àkétá) | 食べる | たべる (tàbéꜜrù) | たべた (táꜜbètà) |
忘れる | わすれる (wàsúrérú) | わすれた (wàsúrétá) | 助ける | たすける (tàsúkéꜜrù) | たすけた (tàsúꜜkètà) |
憧れる | あこがれる (àkógárérú) | あこがれた (àkógárétá) | 訪れる | おとずれる (òtózúréꜜrù) | おとずれた (òtózúꜜrètà) |
irregular verbs (type 3) | |||||
する | する (sùrú) | した (shìtá) | 来る | くる (kúꜜrù) | きた (kíꜜtà) |
adjectives | |||||
重い | おもい (òmóí) | おもかった (òmóꜜkàttà) | 高い | たかい (tàkáꜜì) | たかかった (táꜜkàkàttà) たかかった (tàkáꜜkàttà) |
(Part of the accent information comes from the Online Japanese Accent Dictionary.)
- In Standard Japanese the -ta form of 行く (iku, “to go”) is 行った (itta), and the -ta form of 問う (tou, “to ask”) and 請う (kou, “to beg”) follows the Kansai forms, 問うた (tōta) and 請うた (kōta).
- This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
- In traditional Japanese grammar, this word has the following inflections: 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) たろ (-taro-), used to form the past conjectural suffix たろう (-tarō), and 仮定形 (kateikei, “hypothetical stem”) たら (-tara-), used to form the conditional suffix たら (-tara) or たらば (-taraba). Modern linguistic analyses usually consider -ta, -tarō, and -tara(ba) three different suffixes.
Conjugation
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | たら たろ |
tara taro | |
Continuative (連用形) | たり て |
tari te | |
Terminal (終止形) | た | ta | |
Attributive (連体形) | た | ta | |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | たら | tara | |
Imperative (命令形) | - | - | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | - | - | |
Causative | - | - | |
Potential | - | - | |
Volitional | たろう | tarō | |
Negative | - | - | |
Negative continuative | - | - | |
Formal | - | - | |
Perfective | - | - | |
Conjunctive | - | - | |
Hypothetical conditional | たら たらば |
tara taraba |
See also
[edit]Verbs | -i adjectives | nouns and -na adjectives | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpast | Plain | Affirmative | Use the dictionary form | stem + い (-i) | noun + だ (da) (noun + である (de aru)) |
Negative | mizenkei + ない (-nai) | stem + くない (-ku nai) | noun + で(は)ない (de [wa] nai) | ||
Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ます (-masu) | stem + いです (-i desu) | noun + です (desu) | |
Negative | ren'yōkei + ません (-masen) | stem + くないです (-ku nai desu) stem + くありません (-ku arimasen) |
noun + で(は)ないです (de [wa] nai desu) noun + で(は)ありません (de [wa] arimasen) | ||
Past | Plain | Affirmative | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + た (-ta) | stem + かった (-katta) | noun + だった (datta) (noun + であった (de atta)) |
Negative | mizenkei + なかった (-nakatta) | stem + くなかった (-ku nakatta) | noun + で(は)なかった (de [wa] nakatta) | ||
Polite | Affirmative | ren'yōkei + ました (-mashita) | stem + かったです (-katta desu) | noun + でした (deshita) | |
Negative | ren'yōkei + ませんでした (-masen deshita) | stem + くなかったです (-ku nakatta desu) stem + くありませんでした (-ku arimasen deshita) |
noun + で(は)なかったです (de [wa] nakatta desu) noun + で(は)ありませんでした (de [wa] arimasen deshita) | ||
Volitional | Plain | mizenkei (of Group I verbs) + う (-u > -o) mizenkei (of other verbs) + よう (-yō) |
†stem + かろう (-karō) (stem + いだろう (-i darō)) |
noun + だろう (darō) (noun + であろう (de arō)) | |
Polite | ren'yōkei + ましょう (-mashō) | (stem + いでしょう (-i deshō)) | noun + でしょう (deshō) | ||
Conjunctive | ren'yōkei (with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs) + て (-te) | stem + くて (-kute) | noun + で (de) (noun + であって (de atte)) | ||
Hypothetical conditional | kateikei + ば (-ba) | stem + ければ (-kereba) | (noun + であれば (de areba)) |
Etymology 3
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of た – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, た (ta), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) For a list of all kanji read as た, see Category:Japanese kanji read as た.) |
Etymology 4
[edit]/to wa/ → /ta/
Phrase
[edit]- Contraction of とは (to wa): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
See also
[edit]- たあ (tā)
Etymology 5
[edit]/(-t̚) wa/ → /(-t͡ɕɨ) wa//(-t͡sʉ) wa/ → /(-t̚)ta/
Appears in noh and kyogen texts.
Contraction of any Sino-Japanese-derived term ending in a -t̚ 入声 (nisshō, “entering tone”) ち (-chi) or つ (-tsu) + particle は (wa).
Particle
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 今日た (konnitta)
References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Old Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alternative spelling |
---|
誰 |
From Proto-Japonic *ta.[1]
Pronoun
[edit]た (ta)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Japanese: た (ta)
Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative spelling |
---|
爲 |
Very likely from Proto-Japonic *ta; compare *tamay (whence Old Japanese 為 (tame2) and Okinawan 為 (tami)).
Noun
[edit]た (ta)
- a sake, reason
- 749, Shoku Nihongi (Tenpyō-shōhō 1, first day of the fourth lunar month)
- 此遠所念波種種法中爾波佛大御言之國家護我多仁波勝在止聞召。
- KO2 wo OMOPOSE ba KUSAGUSA NO2 NO2RI NO2 NAKA nipa POTO2KE2 NO2 OPOMI1KO2TO2 si MI1KADO1 MAMORU ga ta nipa SUGARERU TARI to2 KI1KO2SIME1SU
- If you think about this, there are various customs that have inner traits under the Buddhas great words for the sake of the emperor's view that will be heard of.
- , text here
- 749, Shoku Nihongi (Tenpyō-shōhō 1, first day of the fourth lunar month)
Usage notes
[edit]Related terms
[edit]- ため (tame2)
Etymology 3
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Prefix
[edit]た (ta-)
- prefixed to a verb, adjective, or adverb to indicate an adjusting tone
- 720, Nihon Shoki, poem 40:
- 阿波旎辭摩異椰敷多那羅弭阿豆枳辭摩異椰敷多那羅弭豫呂辭枳辭摩之魔儾伽多佐例阿羅智之吉備那流伊慕塢阿比瀰菟流慕能
- Apadi-sima iya putanarabi Aduki1-sima iya putanarabi yo2ro2siki1 simasima ta ka ta-sarearatisi Ki1bi2 naru imo wo api1mi1turu mono2
- Thou Island of Ahaji / With thy double ranges; / Thou Island of Adzuki / With thy double ranges / Ye good islands / Ye have seen face to face / My spouse of Kibi. [1]
References
[edit]- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin, University of Hawai’i Press, →ISBN, →JSTOR, page 67
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2011) Man’yōshū (Book 5) - A New Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary, →ISBN, →ISBN
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