治める
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Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
治 |
おさ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese 治む (wosamu). Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, and the Man'yōshū of circa 759 CE.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *wosamu (“to control”). Cognate with 収める (osameru).
Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 治む entry.
Likely derived ultimately from 長 (osa, “boss, chief, controller, ruler”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]治める • (osameru) ←をさめる (wosameru)?transitive ichidan (stem 治め (osame), past 治めた (osameta))
Japanese verb pair | |
---|---|
active | 治める |
mediopassive | 治まる |
- dominate, rule, govern
- 部下を治める
- buka o osameru
- dominate subordinates
- 都市を治める
- toshi o osameru
- rule a city
- 部下を治める
- tranquilize, pacify
- 川を治める
- kawa o osameru
- tranquilize a river
- 川を治める
- suppress
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "治める" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 治め | おさめ | osame | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 治め | おさめ | osame | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 治める | おさめる | osameru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 治める | おさめる | osameru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 治めれ | おさめれ | osamere | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 治めよ¹ 治めろ² |
おさめよ¹ おさめろ² |
osameyo¹ osamero² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 治められる | おさめられる | osamerareru | |
Causative | 治めさせる 治めさす |
おさめさせる おさめさす |
osamesaseru osamesasu | |
Potential | 治められる 治めれる³ |
おさめられる おさめれる³ |
osamerareru osamereru³ | |
Volitional | 治めよう | おさめよう | osameyō | |
Negative | 治めない 治めぬ 治めん |
おさめない おさめぬ おさめん |
osamenai osamenu osamen | |
Negative continuative | 治めず | おさめず | osamezu | |
Formal | 治めます | おさめます | osamemasu | |
Perfective | 治めた | おさめた | osameta | |
Conjunctive | 治めて | おさめて | osamete | |
Hypothetical conditional | 治めれば | おさめれば | osamereba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “dominate”): 従う (shitagau, “obey”)
- (antonym(s) of “tranquilize”): 乱す (midasu, “disturb”)
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “治・修・納・収”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Categories:
- Japanese terms spelled with 治 read as おさ
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese verbs
- Japanese terms historically spelled with を
- Japanese transitive verbs
- Japanese type 2 verbs
- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms with usage examples