Appendix:Vulgar Latin Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Vulgar Latin, compared with that of English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Vulgar Latin
1 I *eo, *ego (*io)
2 you (singular) *tu
3 he, she, it *ille (*elle)
4 we *nos,
*nosotri (*nostri)
5 you (plural) *vos,
*vosotri (*vestri)
6 they *elles (*elli)
7 this *aquesto (*eccum iste)
8 that *aquello (*eccum ille)
9 here *aqui (*eccum hic)
10 there *illa, *alli (*illic)
11 who *qui (*quis)
12 what *que
13 where *onde (*unde)
14 when *quando
15 how *quomo, *quomodo
16 not *no (*non)
17 all *tuto, *totu
18 many *multo (*multi, *multu)
19 some *alicunus (*alqunos, *aliqui),
*qualquo
20 few *poco (*paucus)
21 other *altro, *otro (*alter)
22 one *uno (*unus, *unu)
23 two *dos (*duo)
24 three *tres
25 four *quattro (*quattuor)
26 five *cinque (*quinque)
27 big *grande (*grandis)
28 long *longo (*longus, *longu)
29 wide *largo (*largus)
30 thick *grosso (*grossus),
*spisso (*spissus)
31 heavy *grave (*gravis),
*pesant
32 small *piccolo,
*pittitus
33 short *curtu (*corto)
34 narrow *strictus (*estricto)
35 thin *sottile (*subtilis, *subtile),
*magro (*macer)
36 woman *mulier,
*femina,
*domna (*domina)
37 man (adult male) *homo, vir
38 man (human being) *humano (*homo, *homine),
*persona
39 child *infante (*infans)
40 wife *sponsa,
*mulier
41 husband *marito (*maritus)
42 mother *matre (*mater)
43 father *patre (*pater)
44 animal *animale (*animal),
*bestia (*bistia)
45 fish *pisco (*piscis, *pesce)
46 bird *avicellus, *avis,
*passaru (*passer)
47 dog *cane (*canis)
48 louse *pedicellus (*pediculu)
49 snake *serpente (*serpens)
50 worm *vermo (*vermis, *verme)
51 tree *arborus (*arbor)
52 forest *foresta,
*bosco (*boscus)
53 stick *basto (*bastum, *baston),
*palo (*palus)
54 fruit *fructo (*fructus)
55 seed *sementia (*semente, *semen)
56 leaf *folia (*folium)
57 root *radice (*radix)
58 bark (of a tree) *scorcia (*scortea, *cortice)
59 flower *flos (*flor, *floris)
60 grass *herba
61 rope *corda (*chorda)
62 skin *pelle (*pellis)
63 meat *carne (*caro, *carnis)
64 blood *sangre (*sanguis, *sanguine)
65 bone *osso (*os, *ossis)
66 fat (noun) *grasso (*crassus, *grassu)
67 egg *ovus (*ovu)
68 horn *cornu (*corno)
69 tail *coda (*cauda)
70 feather *penna,
*pluma
71 hair *pelo (*pilus),
*capello (*capillu)
72 head *capo (*capu, *capitia),
*testa
73 ear *oricla (*auricula, *auris)
74 eye *oclus (*oculus, *oclu)
75 nose *nasus, *narices (*nasu, *naris)
76 mouth *bucca. os, oris
77 tooth *dente (*dens)
78 tongue (organ) *lingua
79 fingernail *unga (*unguis, *ungula)
80 foot *pede (*pes),
*patta
81 leg *gamba,
*perna
82 knee *genuclum (*geniculu, *genu)
83 hand *manu (*manus)
84 wing *ala
85 belly *venter (*ventres, *ventre),
*pantex (*pantices)
86 guts *intestino,
*viscera
87 neck *collo,
*nucha,
*cervix
88 back *dorso (*dorsus)
89 breast *pectus (*pectu),
*seno (*sinus)
90 heart *coratio, *cor
91 liver *fegato (*ficatu)
92 to drink *bibere (*bebere)
93 to eat *manducare (*manjar, *mangiare),
*comedere (*comere)
94 to bite *mordere
95 to suck *sugere
96 to spit *spuere, *exconspuere (*sputare, *conspuo)
97 to vomit *vomere, *vomitare
98 to blow *soffiare (*sufflare),
*buffare
99 to breathe *respirare
100 to laugh *ridere
101 to see *videre (*video)
102 to hear *audire (*audio),
*sentire
103 to know *sapere (*savere, *sabere)
104 to think *pensare
105 to smell *olere,
*sentire,
*intendere
106 to fear *timere
107 to sleep *dormire,
collocō
108 to live *vivere
109 to die *morire (*mori)
110 to kill *matare,
*tutare,
*occidere
111 to fight *combattere (*battere),
*luctare
112 to hunt *captiare (*cacciare, *chassare)
113 to hit *colpare,
*battere
114 to cut *taliare,
*curtare
115 to split *dividere,
*separare
116 to stab *pungere (*pugnalare)
117 to scratch *radere,
*scabere
118 to dig *excavare
119 to swim *nadare (*natare)
120 to fly *volare
121 to walk *caminare,
*andare (*ambire, *amnare)
122 to come *venire
123 to lie (as in a bed) *iacere
124 to sit *sedentare, *assedere (*sedere)
125 to stand *stare in pede
126 to turn (intransitive) *girare, *virare,
*tornare
127 to fall *cadere
128 to give *dare,
*donare
129 to hold *tenere
130 to squeeze *exprimere (*premere)
131 to rub *fricare
132 to wash *lavare
133 to wipe *exsucare (*essugare)
134 to pull *tirare,
*trahere (*trago)
135 to push *pulsare
136 to throw *iectare,
*lanceare
137 to tie *ligare,
*aptare
138 to sew *cosere (*consuere, *suere)
139 to count *comptare (*computare, *contare)
140 to say *dire, *dicere
141 to sing *cantare
142 to play *iocare (*jugare)
143 to float *fluctuare (*flotare)
144 to flow *fluere,
*currere
145 to freeze *gelare, *congelare (*geare),
*fresco
146 to swell *inflare
147 sun *sol (*soliculus)
148 moon *luna
149 star *stella (*estrella)
150 water *aqua
151 rain *ploia (*pluvia)
152 river *flumen,
*rivus (*rio)
153 lake *lago (*lacu)
154 sea *mar (*mare)
155 salt *sal (*sale)
156 stone *petra (*pietra, *pedra)
157 sand *arena,
*sablo
158 dust *pulvis (*pulus)
159 earth *terra
160 cloud *nube, *nuvola (*nubilu)
161 fog *nebula
162 sky *caelo (*celo)
163 wind *vento (*ventu)
164 snow *nivo (*neve)
165 ice *gielu,
*glacia (*glassa)
166 smoke *fumo (*fumu)
167 fire *fuego (*focus, *fogo)
168 ash *cinusia (*cinis, *cinere)
169 to burn *brusire,
*ardere,
*cremare
170 road *via,
*strada (*strata),
*camin (*camminus)
171 mountain *monte (*mont),
*montania
172 red *rosso (*russu),
*rubis
173 green *verde (*virdis)
174 yellow *giallo (*galbinu)
175 white *blancus (*blanco)
176 black *negro (*nigro, *nero)
177 night *nocte (*notte, *noctis)
178 day *dia, *dies,
*juorno (*diurnu)
179 year *anno (*annu)
180 warm *calidus (*caldo),
*calor
181 cold *fredo (*frigide)
182 full *pleno (*plenu)
183 new *nuovo (*nouvo, *nove)
184 old *vetulus, *veclus (*viello, *vetus)
185 good *bono (*bonu, *bon)
186 bad *malo, *malvado
187 rotten *putrido, *podre
188 dirty *sordido,
*sucio
189 straight *recto,
*directo (*drectus)
190 round *rotondo (*retundus)
191 sharp (as a knife) *acuto,
*affilato
192 dull (as a knife) *muttius (*smussato),
*rombo
193 smooth *liscio (*liseus, *levis)
194 wet *baneum (*bagnato),
*molliato (*mollio)
195 dry *seco (*sec, *siccu)
196 correct *correcto,
*justo
197 near *proxime (*propius),
*vicino
198 far *lontano,
*distante
199 right *destra (*dextre),
*directa
200 left *sinister
201 at *ad (*a)
202 in *in
203 with *cum (*con),
*abhoc
204 and *et (*e)
205 if *si (*se)
206 because *porque (*perquid)
207 name *nomine, *nomen

See also

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