zwr

See also: ZWR

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (verb): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈzaːwaɾ/ → /ˈsaːjaj/ → /ˈsaːʔə/ → /ˈsoːʔ/

• (verb): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈzaːwaɾ/
• (verb): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːjaj/
• (verb): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaːʔə/
• (verb): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsoːʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /zuːr/
  • Conventional anglicization: zur

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to drink (something liquid: water, beer, wine, etc.)
2. (intransitive) to drink in general (+ m: to drink of (a drink), to drink from (a container or hand); + ḥr: to drink of (a body of water))
3. (intransitive) to drink alcoholic drinks
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.8–1.9:

     jr swrj.k ḥnꜥ tḫw šzp.k jw jb.f ḥtp.w

     If you drink with a drunkard, you should partake when his heart is satisfied.

4. (intransitive) to take liquid medicine
5. (transitive) to drink (a container), to consume the liquid contained in
6. (transitive, figuratively, of the dead) to have (thirst) instead of something to drink, to ‘drink’ (thirst)
7. (intransitive, of trees and land) to be watered

Inflection

Conjugation of zwr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: zwr, geminated stem: zwrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
zwr	zwrw, zwr	zwrt	zwr	zwr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
zwr	ḥr zwr	m zwr	r zwr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	zwr.n	zwrw, zwr	consecutive	zwr.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	zwrt
perfective3	zwr	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	zwr.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	zwr	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	zwr	zwrr	potentialis1	zwr.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	zwr	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	zwr.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	zwr	active + .tj1, .tw2	zwr	zwr, zwrw5, zwry5
imperfective	zwr, zwry, zwrw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	zwr, zwrj6, zwry6	zwr, zwrw5
prospective	zwr, zwrtj7	—	zwrtj4, zwrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zwr from the Pyramid Texts  

zwr	zwr	zwr	zwr	zwr	zw	zw	zwj
[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]	[Pyramid Texts]

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zwr from later periods  

zwr	zwr	zwr	swrj	zwrj	swrj	swrj	zwr	zwr	zwr
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[18th Dynasty]
						in hieratic	abbreviation	abbreviation	abbreviation

By the Middle Kingdom, the r in this word is often supplemented or replaced by j, reflecting the phonetic weakening or loss of r at the end of a syllable.

Derived terms

• mzwr
• szwr

Descendants

• Demotic: swr
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲩ (sou)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō), ⲥⲟⲩ (sou)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲱ (sō), ⲥⲟⲩ (sou)

Noun

 m

1. drinking bowl [Pyramid Texts and 19th Dynasty]
2. drink, beverage

Inflection

Declension of zwr (masculine)

singular	zwr
dual	zwrwj
plural	zwrw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of zwr  

zwr	swrj
	[19th Dynasty]

Descendants

The following words have sometimes been proposed as descendants, but the probable loss of final r in this word by the time of the Middle Kingdom makes such derivations questionable:

• >? Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲓⲣ (sir)
  • → Arabic: زِير (zīr)
    • Maltese: żir
    • → English: zir
    • → Italian: ziro
• →? Hebrew: סִיר

References

• “zwr (lemma ID 130360)” and “zwr (lemma ID 130370)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 428.5–429.2
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 217
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 171.
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 146