Antiviral References
Guidance on the Use of Influenza Antiviral Agents
The information on this page should be considered as examples of background information for the current influenza season for clinical practice regarding the use of influenza antiviral medications.
Updated References
Abdel-Ghafar AN, Chotpitayasunondh T, Gao Z, et al. Update on avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in humans. The New England journal of medicine. 2008;358(3):261-73. Epub 2008/01/18. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0707279. PubMed PMID: 18199865.
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 753: Assessment and Treatment of Pregnant Women With Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Oct;132(4):e169-e173. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002872. PubMed PMID: 30247358.
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Aoki FY, Macleod MD, Paggiaro P, et al. Early administration of oral oseltamivir increases the benefits of influenza treatment. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2003;51(1):123-9. Epub 2002/12/21. PubMed PMID: 12493796.
Ariano RE, Sitar DS, Zelenitsky SA, et al. Enteric absorption and pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in critically ill patients with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne. 2010;182(4):357-63. Epub 2010/02/18. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.092127. PubMed PMID: 20159892; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2831695.
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Beau AB, Hurault-Delarue C, Vial T, Montastruc JL, Damase-Michel C, Lacroix I. Safety of oseltamivir during pregnancy: a comparative study using the EFEMERIS database. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2014;121(7):895-900. Epub 2014/02/12. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12617. PubMed PMID: 24512604.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention Strategies for Seasonal Influenza in Healthcare Settings Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/healthcaresettings.htm.
Chambers CD, Johnson D, Xu R, Luo Y, Jones KL; OTIS Collaborative Research Group. Oseltamivir use in pregnancy: Risk of birth defects, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants. Birth Defects Res. 2019 Aug 8. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1566. [Epub ahead of print]
Campbell A, Tokars JI, Reynolds S, et al. Influenza Antiviral Treatment and Length of Stay Pediatrics. 2021 Oct;148(4):e2021050417. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-050417. Epub 2021 Sep 1., Pubmed PMID 34470815
Chan-Tack KM, Gao A, Himaya AC, et al. Clinical experience with intravenous zanamivir under an emergency investigational new drug program in the United States. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2013;207(1):196-8. Epub 2012/10/24. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis637. PubMed PMID: 23089591.
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Chaves SS, Perez A, Miller L, et al. Impact of Prompt Influenza Antiviral Treatment on Extended Care Needs After Influenza Hospitalization Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2015;61(12):1807-14. Epub 2015/09/04. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ733. PubMed PMID: 26334053.
Chen LF, Dailey NJ, Rao AK, et al. Cluster of oseltamivir-resistant 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infections on a hospital ward among immunocompromised patients–North Carolina, 2009. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2011;203(6):838-46. Epub 2011/02/24. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiq124. PubMed PMID: 21343149; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3307091.
Chen L, Han X, Li Y, et al. Impact of early neuraminidase inhibitor treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with influenza B-related pneumonia: a multicenter cohort study European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2020 Jul;39(7):1231-1238. doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-03835-6. Epub 2020 Feb 6. PubMed PMID: 32026193.
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Choi SH, Kim T, Park KH, Kwak YG, Chung JW, Lee MS. Early administration of neuraminidase inhibitors in adult patients hospitalized for influenza does not benefit survival: a retrospective cohort study. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology. 2017;36(9):1673-7. Epub 2017/04/19. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-2982-z. PubMed PMID: 28417272.
Chow E, Beigi R, Riley L, et al. Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Antivirals for Influenza in Pregnancy Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2021 Mar 20;8(6):ofab138. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab138. eCollection 2021 Jun. PubMed PMID: 34189160.
Chowell G, Viboud C, Simonsen L, et al. Impact of antiviral treatment and hospital admission delay on risk of death associated with 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic influenza in Mexico. BMC infectious diseases. 2012;12:97. Epub 2012/04/24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-97. PubMed PMID: 22520743; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3449201.
Coffin SE, Leckerman K, Keren R, Hall M, Localio R, Zaoutis TE. Oseltamivir shortens hospital stays of critically ill children hospitalized with seasonal influenza: a retrospective cohort study. The Pediatric infectious disease journal. 2011;30(11):962-6. Epub 2011/10/15. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318232ede9. PubMed PMID: 21997661; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3426912.
Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2019-2020. Pediatrics. 2019 Oct;144(4). pii: e20192478. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-2478. Epub 2019 Sep 2.
Dawood F, Jara J, Gonzelez R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety of early oseltamivir treatment among children 0 to 9 years of age hospitalized with influenza in El Salvador and Panama. Antiviral Research. 2016 Sept: 133:85-94. Epub 2016 Jul 21. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.007. PubMed PMID: 27451343.
de Jong MD, Ison MG, Monto AS, et al. Evaluation of intravenous peramivir for treatment of influenza in hospitalized patients. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2014;59(12):e172-85. Epub 2014/08/15. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu632. PubMed PMID: 25115871.
de Jong MD, Simmons CP, Thanh TT, et al. Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia. Nature medicine. 2006;12(10):1203-7. Epub 2006/09/12. doi: 10.1038/nm1477. PubMed PMID: 16964257; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4333202.
Dobson J, Whitley RJ, Pocock S, Monto AS. Oseltamivir treatment for influenza in adults: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet (London, England). 2015;385(9979):1729-37. Epub 2015/02/03. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62449-1. PubMed PMID: 25640810.
Dulek DE, Williams JV, Creech CB, et al. Use of intravenous zanamivir after development of oseltamivir resistance in a critically Ill immunosuppressed child infected with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2010;50(11):1493-6. Epub 2010/04/27. doi: 10.1086/652655. PubMed PMID: 20415572.
Dunstan HJ, Mill AC, Stephens S, Yates LM, Thomas SH. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of zanamivir or oseltamivir during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic: a national prospective surveillance study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology. 2014;121(7):901-6. Epub 2014/03/08. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12640. PubMed PMID: 24602087.
Earhart KC, Elsayed NM, Saad MD, et al. Oseltamivir resistance mutation N294S in human influenza A(H5N1) virus in Egypt. Journal of infection and public health. 2009;2(2):74-80. Epub 2009/01/01. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2009.04.004. PubMed PMID: 20701864.
Ebell MH, Call M, Shinholser J. Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials. Family practice. 2013;30(2):125-33. Epub 2012/09/22. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cms059. PubMed PMID: 22997224.
Ehrenstein V, Kristensen NR, Monz BU, Clinch B, Kenwright A, Sørensen HT. Oseltamivir in pregnancy and birth outcomes. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2018: 18(1):519. Epub 2018/10/16. . doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3423-z. PMID: 30326840
Eriksson CO, Graham DA, Uyeki TM, Randolph AG. Risk factors for mechanical ventilation in U.S. children hospitalized with seasonal influenza and 2009 pandemic influenza A*. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies. 2012;13(6):625-31. Epub 2012/08/17. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e318260114e. PubMed PMID: 22895006.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Expert opinion on neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of influenza – review of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. 2017; Stockholm: ECDC; 2017.
Eyler RF, Heung M, Pleva M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodialysis and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(12):1061-9. Epub 2012/12/05. doi: 10.1002/phar.1151. PubMed PMID: 23208833.
Eyler RF, Klein KC, Mueller BA. The pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate in a critically ill pediatric patient receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous venovenous hemodialysis. The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG. 2012;17(2):173-6. Epub 2012/11/03. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-17.2.173. PubMed PMID: 23118670; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3470438.
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Food and Drug Administration. Influenza (Flu) Antiviral Drugs and Related Information. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/InformationbyDrugClass/ucm100228.htm.
Food and Drug Administration. Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. 37th edition. 2017.
Fry AM, Goswami D, Nahar K, et al. Efficacy of oseltamivir treatment started within 5 days of symptom onset to reduce influenza illness duration and virus shedding in an urban setting in Bangladesh: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2014;14(2):109-18. Epub 2013/11/26. doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70267-6. PubMed PMID: 24268590.
Gaur AH, Bagga B, Barman S, et al. Intravenous zanamivir for oseltamivir-resistant 2009 H1N1 influenza. The New England journal of medicine. 2010;362(1):88-9. Epub 2009/12/25. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc0910893. PubMed PMID: 20032317.
Giraud C, Manceau S, Oualha M, et al. High levels and safety of oseltamivir carboxylate plasma concentrations after nasogastric administration in critically ill children in a pediatric intensive care unit. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2011;55(1):433-5. Epub 2010/10/13. doi: 10.1128/aac.00813-10. PubMed PMID: 20937783; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3019675.
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Graitcer SB, Gubareva L, Kamimoto L, et al. Characteristics of patients with oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States. Emerging infectious diseases. 2011;17(2):255-7. Epub 2011/02/05. doi: 10.3201/eid1702.101724. PubMed PMID: 21291599; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3204784.
Graner S, Svensson T, Beau AB, et al. Neuraminidase inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes and congenital malformations: population based European register study. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2017;356:j629. Epub 2017/03/02. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j629. PubMed PMID: 28246106; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5421412.
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Groeneveld G, Marbus S, Ismail N, et al. Effectiveness of oseltamivir in reduction of complications and 30-day mortality in severe seasonal influenza infection International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2020 Nov;56(5):106155. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106155. Epub 2020 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 32898685.
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Harter G, Zimmermann O, Maier L, et al. Intravenous zanamivir for patients with pneumonitis due to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2010;50(9):1249-51. Epub 2010/04/07. doi: 10.1086/651604. PubMed PMID: 20367227.
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Hayden F, Sugaya N, Hirotsu N, et al; Baloxavir Marboxil Investigators Group. Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2018: 379(10):913-923. Epub 2018/09/06. PubMed PMID: 30184455
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Hiba V, Chowers M, Levi-Vinograd I, Rubinovitch B, Leibovici L, Paul M. Benefit of early treatment with oseltamivir in hospitalized patients with documented 2009 influenza A (H1N1): retrospective cohort study. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2011;66(5):1150-5. Epub 2011/03/12. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr089. PubMed PMID: 21393197.
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Hirotsu N, Sakaguchi H, Sato C, et al. Baloxavir marboxil in Japanese pediatric patients with influenza: safety and clinical and virologic outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 20. pii: ciz908. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz908. [Epub ahead of print]
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Ikematsu H, Hayden FG, Kawaguchi K, et al. Baloxavir Marboxil for Prophylaxis against Influenza in Household Contacts. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32640124/ N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 23;383(4):309-320.
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Jefferson T, Jones MA, Doshi P, et al. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2014(4):Cd008965. Epub 2014/04/11. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008965.pub4. PubMed PMID: 24718923.
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PDF Version [1 MB, 28 Pages]
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