International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

18 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessReview

Breathing Clean Air: Navigating Indoor Air Purification Techniques and Finding the Ideal Solution

by Hashim Alhussain, Saud Ghani and Nahla O. Eltai

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081107 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2024

Abstract

The prevalence of airborne pathogens in indoor environments presents significant health risks due to prolonged human occupancy. This review addresses diverse air purification systems to combat airborne pathogens and the factors influencing their efficacy. Indoor aerosols, including bioaerosols, harbor biological contaminants from respiratory [...] Read more.

The prevalence of airborne pathogens in indoor environments presents significant health risks due to prolonged human occupancy. This review addresses diverse air purification systems to combat airborne pathogens and the factors influencing their efficacy. Indoor aerosols, including bioaerosols, harbor biological contaminants from respiratory emissions, highlighting the need for efficient air disinfection strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the dangers of airborne transmission, highlighting the importance of comprehending how pathogens spread indoors. Various pathogens, from viruses like SARS-CoV-2 to bacteria like Mycobacterium (My) tuberculosis, exploit unique respiratory microenvironments for transmission, necessitating targeted air purification solutions. Air disinfection methods encompass strategies to reduce aerosol concentration and inactivate viable bioaerosols. Techniques like ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), filters, and unipolar ion emission are explored for their specific roles in mitigating airborne pathogens. This review examines air purification systems, detailing their operational principles, advantages, and limitations. Moreover, it elucidates key factors influencing system performance. In conclusion, this review aims to provide practical knowledge to professionals involved in indoor air quality management, enabling informed decisions for deploying efficient air purification strategies to safeguard public health in indoor environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases, Chronic Diseases, and Disease Prevention)

19 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Institutional Violence Perpetrated against Transgender Individuals in Health Services: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

by Gilberto da Cruz Leal, José Nildo de Barros Silva Júnior, Quezia Rosa Ferreira, Jaqueline Garcia de Almeida Ballestero and Pedro Fredemir Palha

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081106 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2024

Abstract

This review aims to analyze the evidence related to violence perpetrated against transgender individuals in health services based on their narratives. This is a systematic literature review of qualitative studies. A search was carried out in the Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American [...] Read more.

This review aims to analyze the evidence related to violence perpetrated against transgender individuals in health services based on their narratives. This is a systematic literature review of qualitative studies. A search was carried out in the Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases using the descriptors “transgender people”, “violence”, and “health services”. The eligibility criteria included original qualitative articles addressing the research question, with fully available text, reporting violence specifically by health workers, involving trans individuals aged 18 and above, and published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. In addition, studies were included that reported experiences of violence suffered by the trans population, through their narratives, in health services. A total of 3477 studies were found, of which 25 were included for analysis. The results highlighted situations such as refusal of service; resistance to the use of social names and pronouns; barriers to accessing health services; discrimination and stigma; insensitivity of health workers; lack of specialized care and professional preparedness; and a system focused on binarism. The analysis of the studies listed in this review highlights the multiple facets of institutional violence faced by the transgender population in health services. It is evident that the forms of violence often interlink and reinforce each other, creating a hostile environment for the transgender population in health services. Thus, there is an urgent need to create strategies that ensure access to dignified and respectful care for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity. Full article

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23 pages, 2271 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Chronic Cocaine Use and Parkinson’s Disease: An Interpretative Model

by Manuel Glauco Carbone and Icro Maremmani

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081105 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2024

Abstract

Over the years, the growing “epidemic” spread of cocaine use represents a crucial public health and social problem worldwide. According to the 2023 World Drug Report, 0.4% of the world’s population aged 15 to 64 report using cocaine; this number corresponds to approximately [...] Read more.

Over the years, the growing “epidemic” spread of cocaine use represents a crucial public health and social problem worldwide. According to the 2023 World Drug Report, 0.4% of the world’s population aged 15 to 64 report using cocaine; this number corresponds to approximately 24.6 million cocaine users worldwide and approximately 1 million subjects with cocaine use disorder (CUD). While we specifically know the short-term side effects induced by cocaine, unfortunately, we currently do not have exhaustive information about the medium/long-term side effects of the substance on the body. The scientific literature progressively highlights that the chronic use of cocaine is related to an increase in cardio- and cerebrovascular risk and probably to a greater incidence of psychomotor symptoms and neurodegenerative processes. Several studies have highlighted an increased risk of antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs) in patients with psychotic spectrum disorders comorbid with psychostimulant abuse. EPSs include movement dysfunction such as dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and characteristic symptoms of Parkinsonism such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. In the present paper, we propose a model of interpretation of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the hypothesized increased vulnerability in chronic cocaine abusers to neurodegenerative disorders with psychomotor symptoms. Specifically, we supposed that the chronic administration of cocaine produces significant neurobiological changes, causing a complex dysregulation of various neurotransmitter systems, mainly affecting subcortical structures and the dopaminergic pathways. We believe that a better understanding of these cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in cocaine-induced neuropsychotoxicity may have helpful clinical implications and provide targets for therapeutic intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)

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16 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of a Social-Media-Based Diet and Physical Activity Programme for Fathers in Japan: A Randomised Controlled Trial

by Kayo Maruyama and Kumiko Morita

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081104 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2024

Abstract

Provision of healthy lifestyle support for fathers can improve the lifestyles and health awareness of not only fathers but also their children and families. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of education targeting healthy fathers provided via social media. Hence, we aimed to [...] Read more.

Provision of healthy lifestyle support for fathers can improve the lifestyles and health awareness of not only fathers but also their children and families. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of education targeting healthy fathers provided via social media. Hence, we aimed to clarify the effects of providing fathers with information on healthy lifestyle habits via social media on their awareness and behaviours regarding diet, physical activity, and healthcare, in addition to such a programme’s indirect effects on their children. This randomised controlled trial included 73 fathers of primary school children in Japan. The intervention group received information on ‘healthy lifestyle’, ‘lifestyle-related diseases’, ‘healthy diet’, and ‘healthy physical activity’ via social media six times every 2 weeks. Data were collected before, 3 months after, and 4 months after the intervention. The intervention was effective in improving some awareness regarding diet, physical activity, and healthcare. In addition, the fathers in the intervention group demonstrated significantly improved interest in their child’s diet and exercise habits. Social-media-based diet and physical activity programmes for fathers improved their awareness and behaviour. Therefore, social-media-based health education programmes can be an important tool for increasing fathers’ interest in their own health and in their children’s lifestyles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Health Technologies for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention)

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26 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on the Prevalence and Risk of Orthorexia Nervosa in Health Workers and Students

by Ellie G. McInerney, Peta Stapleton and Oliver Baumann

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081103 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2024

Abstract

Extensive knowledge on nutrition and dieting has been associated with an increased risk of orthorexia (an obsession with food that one considers healthy) within the research literature. A systematic review was conducted to identify the prevalence of orthorexia in individuals who were employed [...] Read more.

Extensive knowledge on nutrition and dieting has been associated with an increased risk of orthorexia (an obsession with food that one considers healthy) within the research literature. A systematic review was conducted to identify the prevalence of orthorexia in individuals who were employed in, or studying, health careers. The databases Psychinfo and Pubmed were searched to obtain research articles. Studies assessing orthorexia and either students or workers within health-related fields were included. A study merit rating system was utilised to assess the quality of each study included. In total, 26 articles were included in the current review after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The prevalence of orthorexia was the greatest in dietetic students. Research findings consistently demonstrated that the prevalence of orthorexia was higher in those working or studying in health fields than the general population. Individuals in their early stages of study or career appear most at risk. Orthorexia prevalence, however, does not appear to differ by sex or BMI. Orthorexia is novel research area. The trends in the current review suggest that individuals in health-related careers appear to be more at risk of orthorexic patterns. More research in this area is needed through the use of scales with greater psychometric properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Choices, Consumption, Nutrition Behaviors, and Human Health)

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22 pages, 4616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gulf War Illness Is Associated with Host Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Is Linked to Altered Species Abundance in Veterans from the BBRAIN Cohort

by Ayushi Trivedi, Dipro Bose, Kelly Moffat, Elisabeth Pearson, Dana Walsh, Devra Cohen, Jonathan Skupsky, Linda Chao, Julia Golier, Patricia Janulewicz, Kimberly Sullivan, Maxine Krengel, Ashok Tuteja, Nancy Klimas and Saurabh Chatterjee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081102 (registering DOI) - 21 Aug 2024

Abstract

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a debilitating condition marked by chronic fatigue, cognitive problems, pain, and gastrointestinal (GI) complaints in veterans who were deployed to the 1990–1991 Gulf War. Fatigue, GI complaints, and other chronic symptoms continue to persist more than 30 years [...] Read more.

Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a debilitating condition marked by chronic fatigue, cognitive problems, pain, and gastrointestinal (GI) complaints in veterans who were deployed to the 1990–1991 Gulf War. Fatigue, GI complaints, and other chronic symptoms continue to persist more than 30 years post-deployment. Several potential mechanisms for the persistent illness have been identified and our prior pilot study linked an altered gut microbiome with the disorder. This study further validates and builds on our prior preliminary findings of host gut microbiome dysbiosis in veterans with GWI. Using stool samples and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) data from 89 GW veteran participants (63 GWI cases and 26 controls) from the Boston biorepository, recruitment, and integrative network (BBRAIN) for Gulf War Illness, we found that the host gut bacterial signature of veterans with GWI showed significantly different Bray–Curtis beta diversity than control veterans. Specifically, a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, decrease in Akkermansia sp., Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, Bacteroides fragilis, and Lachnospiraceae genera and increase in Blautia, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, and Clostridium genera, that are associated with gut, immune, and brain health, were shown. Further, using MaAsLin and Boruta algorithms, Coprococcus and Eisenbergiella were identified as important predictors of GWI with an area under the curve ROC predictive value of 74.8%. Higher self-reported MFI scores in veterans with GWI were also significantly associated with an altered gut bacterial diversity and species abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Blautia. These results suggest potential therapeutic targets for veterans with GWI that target the gut microbiome and specific symptoms of the illness. Full article

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16 pages, 2878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of Legionella anisa to Legionella Contamination of Water in the Built Environment

by Brian Crook, Charlotte Young, Ceri Rideout and Duncan Smith

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081101 (registering DOI) - 20 Aug 2024

Abstract

Legionella bacteria can proliferate in poorly maintained water systems, posing risks to users. All Legionella species are potentially pathogenic, but Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is usually the primary focus of testing. However, Legionella anisa (L. anisa) also colonizes water [...] Read more.

Legionella bacteria can proliferate in poorly maintained water systems, posing risks to users. All Legionella species are potentially pathogenic, but Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is usually the primary focus of testing. However, Legionella anisa (L. anisa) also colonizes water distribution systems, is frequently found with L. pneumophila, and could be a good indicator for increased risk of nosocomial infection. Anonymized data from three commercial Legionella testing laboratories afforded an analysis of 565,750 water samples. The data covered July 2019 to August 2021, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The results confirmed that L. anisa commonly colonizes water distribution systems, being the most frequently identified non-L. pneumophila species. The proportions of L. anisa and L. pneumophila generally remained similar, but increases in L. pneumophila during COVID-19 lockdown suggest static water supplies might favor its growth. Disinfection of hospital water systems was effective, but re-colonization did occur, appearing to favor L. pneumophila; however, L. anisa colony numbers also increased as a proportion of the total. While L. pneumophila remains the main species of concern as a risk to human health, L. anisa’s role should not be underestimated, either as a potential infection risk or as an indicator of the need to intervene to control Legionella’s colonization of water supplies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases, Chronic Diseases, and Disease Prevention)

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14 pages, 676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social–Emotional Profiles of Preschool Children: An Investigation of Demographic Disparities and Intersectionality

by Chin-Chih Chen, Yaoying Xu, Jennifer LoCasale-Crouch, Yuyan Xia, Kathleen Rudasill, Lindai Xie, Karli Johansen, Jeen Joy and Jennifer Askue-Collins

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081100 - 20 Aug 2024

Abstract

This study aims to enhance our understanding of the diverse nature of social–emotional development and explore the demographic disparities and intersectionality of social determinants among children, with an emphasis on underserved populations of children in low-resource environments. Young children living in low-income families [...] Read more.

This study aims to enhance our understanding of the diverse nature of social–emotional development and explore the demographic disparities and intersectionality of social determinants among children, with an emphasis on underserved populations of children in low-resource environments. Young children living in low-income families are exposed to a wide array of social and systemic risks that increase the propensity for poor learning and social–emotional development. Using data from the Head Start Family and Childhood Experiences Survey (FACES, this study focuses on the social–emotional development of a nationally representative sample of young children enrolled in the Head Start program (n = 1921, 50.18% male). Employing a person-centered approach, we assessed teacher-rated social–emotional competence, including approach to learning, social cooperation, aggression, hyperactivity, and anxiety/depression/withdrawal, to classify young children’s social–emotional development. This study identified four distinct social–emotional profiles—Adaptive, Average, Moderate Risk, and High Risk—through latent profile analysis. Furthermore, multinomial regression analysis revealed demographic disparities within each social–emotional profile, and significant intersectionality was found between race/ethnicity, age, and disability status in the social–emotional profiles. This research provides valuable insights for better supporting each child’s unique needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Second Edition of Social-Emotional Development and Learning in Early Childhood across Cultures)

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8 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Heat Vulnerability Index and Stroke Severity

by Jason J. Wang, Jeffrey M. Katz, Maria X. Sanmartin, Liron D. Sinvani, Jason J. Naidich, Elizabeth Y. Rula and Pina C. Sanelli

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081099 - 20 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods are particularly vulnerable to heat-related illnesses. We aim to investigate the association between the heat vulnerability index (HVI), an established neighborhood-level metric of heat-related mortality risk, and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) severity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of [...] Read more.

Background: Socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods are particularly vulnerable to heat-related illnesses. We aim to investigate the association between the heat vulnerability index (HVI), an established neighborhood-level metric of heat-related mortality risk, and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) severity. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive AIS admissions to a comprehensive stroke center between 2012 and 2021. Stroke severity was defined upon admission based on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics were extracted from electronic health records. HVI status was assigned using residential ZIP codes. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Of 3429 AIS admissions, 1123 (32.8%) were from high-HVI (scores 4–5) neighborhoods and 868 (25.3%) had severe stroke (NIHSS score ≥ 10). In the multivariable regression model with stepwise selection, a high HVI was independently associated with severe stroke (adjusted odds ratio: 1.40 [95% confidence interval 1.16–1.69]). Conclusions: The association between a high HVI and severe stroke underscores the importance of targeting policy interventions to mitigate heat-related illness in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Zone and Disease Incidence)

8 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Problems: A Look at How Employers View Causes

by Roger C. Jensen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081098 - 20 Aug 2024

Abstract

Causation concepts for work-related musculoskeletal disorders vary among authors and academic disciplines. The major causation concepts are single-event and repetitive motion. The aim of this short communication is to share findings from a recent survey of United States employers conducted by the U.S. [...] Read more.

Causation concepts for work-related musculoskeletal disorders vary among authors and academic disciplines. The major causation concepts are single-event and repetitive motion. The aim of this short communication is to share findings from a recent survey of United States employers conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics about work-related musculoskeletal cases, and, more specifically, about whether the employers regard the causes of their employees’ musculoskeletal problems as being from a single exposure or from multiple exposures. Recommendations are offered for using terminology consistent with employer understandings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ergonomics in Industrial Manufacturing: Human Factors, Workload Assessment, Health Management, and Reducing Risk in the Workplace)

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21 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Association of Physical and Emotional Parameters with Performance of Firefighters: A Systematic Review

by Vinícius Montaguti Farinha, Edilson Fernando de Borba, Poliana Piovezana dos Santos, Anderson Zampier Ulbrich, Evaldo José Ferreira Ribeiro, Jr. and Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081097 - 19 Aug 2024

Abstract

Firefighting requires a high level of physical fitness and causes substantial psychological stress, engendering musculoskeletal, mental, and cardiac issues. Consequently, it is necessary to measure the preparation of the firefighters daily through the Firefighting Physical Ability Tests (FPATs). According to the literature, some [...] Read more.

Firefighting requires a high level of physical fitness and causes substantial psychological stress, engendering musculoskeletal, mental, and cardiac issues. Consequently, it is necessary to measure the preparation of the firefighters daily through the Firefighting Physical Ability Tests (FPATs). According to the literature, some variables are more important for performance in the FPAT. Therefore, we aimed to summarize evidence that relates physical and mental aspects to the FPAT performance. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) method, screening 1055 records from databases and selecting 15 that met inclusion criteria. No emotional and psychological variables were correlated with the FPAT. Most research shows significant correlations between the FPAT performance and the following: aerobic fitness, upper body endurance and strength, anaerobic capacity, body fat, and age. Lower body endurance and strength, as well as anaerobic power, had a low number of investigations and need to be further explored. Abdominal endurance showed weak correlations, while flexibility did not show any correlations in most studies, although these should be considered for injury prevention. We recommend that fitness programs and evaluations include a global analysis considering the evidence presented for methodological improvements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)

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15 pages, 383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualineo Strategy Indicators Associated with Neonatal Death: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Camila Evangelista de Sousa Campelo, Cynthia Roberta Dias Torres Silva, Rejane Corrêa Marques, Ana Maria Ribeiro dos Santos, Nathaly Marques Santos Machado and Márcia Teles de Oliveira Gouveia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081096 - 19 Aug 2024

Abstract

Context: The Qualineo Strategy is an effective measure for reducing neonatal mortality in regions with the highest death rates. In addition, it is a relevant Brazilian tool for strengthening teamwork and neonatal assistance. This study aims to analyze the predictors of neonatal death [...] Read more.

Context: The Qualineo Strategy is an effective measure for reducing neonatal mortality in regions with the highest death rates. In addition, it is a relevant Brazilian tool for strengthening teamwork and neonatal assistance. This study aims to analyze the predictors of neonatal death in the indicators of care provided by the Qualineo Strategy at a reference maternity hospital in Piauí, in the years 2021 to 2022. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 1856 newborn records. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to assess the association between the variables; a predictive regression model was used to identify the variables that predict neonatal mortality. Results: There was a significant association between all neonatal variables and the outcome of death (p < 0.05). The predictor variables for death in term newborns were the use of drugs by the mother and admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. For premature newborns, the predictor variables were, as follows: the use of cannula ventilation, an Apgar score in the 1st minute <7; and admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Conclusions: The results will make it possible to visualize better strategies for the reality analyzed and reinforce the importance of prenatal care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Nursing Practice in Latin America)

16 pages, 366 KiB

Open AccessReview

Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect the Stress Levels among the Mothers of Premature Infants? A Narrative Review of the Present State of Knowledge, Prevention Strategies, and Future Directions

by Agata Trześniowska, Emilia Wagner, Alicja Ściseł, Kinga Szymańska, Karol Szyprowski and Żaneta Kimber-Trojnar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081095 - 19 Aug 2024

Abstract

Understanding COVID-19’s effects on susceptible populations remains essential for clinical implementations. Our review aimed to examine whether the pandemic significantly impacted the stress levels in the mothers of premature infants in NICUs. The review of the literature from Google Scholar and PubMed resulted [...] Read more.

Understanding COVID-19’s effects on susceptible populations remains essential for clinical implementations. Our review aimed to examine whether the pandemic significantly impacted the stress levels in the mothers of premature infants in NICUs. The review of the literature from Google Scholar and PubMed resulted in identifying specific stressors such as the disruption of healthcare systems, limited access to neonatal care, uncertainty due to frequent changes in restrictions, the risk of COVID-19 infection, social isolation, and financial stress. While some quantitative studies concerning this topic did not show a significant increase in the perception of stress in this population compared to the pre-pandemic group, various research has indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic may result in enduring impacts on the emotional and neurological development of children. This article demonstrates a correlation between the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic and an elevated incidence of depressive symptoms among the mothers of premature infants. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term impact of pandemic-induced stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approach to Pregnancy, Childbirth and Postpartum Period)

18 pages, 394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community-Based Mental Health Challenges and Implications: Examining Factors Influencing Distress and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Korean American Church Leaders and Members in Greater Los Angeles

by Kelly Baek, Christi Bell, Susanne B. Montgomery, Larry Ortiz, Akinchita Kumar and Qais Alemi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081094 - 19 Aug 2024

Abstract

There is limited research on the factors that impact mental distress among Korean American (KA) church leaders even though their unique social situation can create many barriers to seeking mental health assistance. This study compared factors impacting mental distress and help-seeking behaviors between [...] Read more.

There is limited research on the factors that impact mental distress among Korean American (KA) church leaders even though their unique social situation can create many barriers to seeking mental health assistance. This study compared factors impacting mental distress and help-seeking behaviors between KA church leaders (CLs) and church members (CMs) in the greater Los Angeles area. The respondents (N = 243) were mostly female, married, educated, first-generation immigrants with a mean age of 47.9 years (SD = 19.7). The Hopkins Symptoms Checklist 10 was used to measure anxiety and depression. Hierarchal linear regressions showed that health status exerted the strongest effect on both anxiety and depression among CLs and CMs. Beyond health status, education (only for depression), informal resource use, and resiliency impacted mental distress scores for CLs. Only resiliency and religious coping predicted depression scores among CMs. To effectively reach this population, community-based organizations and behavioral health specialists should consider collaborating with churches to promote and provide essential mental health support. Our findings also highlight that the needs of church leaders (CLs) and church members (CMs) differ, which should guide the development of culturally tailored interventions that build on the resilience of both groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community-Based Mental Health Promotion and Psychosocial Support)

20 pages, 1169 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gender Inequities in the Impact of Climate Change on Health: A Scoping Review

by Melina Denise Zavala, Cintia Cejas, Adolfo Rubinstein and Analia Lopez

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081093 - 19 Aug 2024

Abstract

In the 21st century, climate change has emerged as a critical global public health challenge. Women experience the most severe impacts of climate change, intensifying pre-existing gender inequalities. This scoping review aims to explore the intersection of climate change, health, and gender, considering [...] Read more.

In the 21st century, climate change has emerged as a critical global public health challenge. Women experience the most severe impacts of climate change, intensifying pre-existing gender inequalities. This scoping review aims to explore the intersection of climate change, health, and gender, considering the social determinants of health. The methods for this review follow the Arksey and O’Malley framework for a scoping review and the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The review, covering January 2019 to February 2024, included PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. We identified 71 studies with 19 meeting the inclusion criteria. The results revealed the differential effects of climate change on health according to gender in areas such as mental health, reproductive health, gender-based violence, occupational health, and health issues associated with heat and air pollution. Our findings also elucidated how socio-economic and gender inequities intersect, exacerbating the risk of experiencing these effects. In conclusion, the study highlights a clear need for gender-sensitive climate policies and interventions to address these disparities and protect vulnerable populations from the health impacts of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Extreme Weather and Climate on Human Health)

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20 pages, 810 KiB

Open AccessReview

Variations in the Appearance and Interpretation of Interpersonal Eye Contact in Social Categorizations and Psychiatric Populations Worldwide: A Scoping Review with a Critical Appraisal of the Literature

by Jos Boer, Nynke Boonstra, Linda Kronenberg, Ruben Stekelenburg and Bram Sizoo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081092 - 18 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Eye contact is one of the most fundamental forms of interhuman communication. However, to date, there has been no comprehensive research comparing how eye contact is made and interpreted in all possible populations worldwide. This study presents a summary of the existing [...] Read more.

Background: Eye contact is one of the most fundamental forms of interhuman communication. However, to date, there has been no comprehensive research comparing how eye contact is made and interpreted in all possible populations worldwide. This study presents a summary of the existing literature on these modalities stratified to social categorizations and psychiatric disorders. Method: A scoping review with critical appraisal of the literature according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology. Databases AnthroSource, Medline, CINAHL, the Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection (EBSCO) and PsychInfo were searched. Results: 7068 articles were screened for both the grey literature and reference lists, of which 385 were included, 282 for social categorizations and 103 for psychiatric disorders. In total, 603 thematic clustered outcomes of variations were included. Methodological quality was generally moderate to good. Conclusions: There is a great degree of variation in the presentation and interpretation of eye contact between and within populations. It remains unclear why specific variations occur in populations. Additionally, no gold standard for how eye contact should be used or interpreted emerged from the studies. Further research into the reason for differences in eye contact between and within populations is recommended. Full article

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10 pages, 894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors behind Antibiotic Therapy: A Survey of Primary Care Pediatricians in Lombardy

by Pier Mario Perrone, Marina Picca, Romeo Carrozzo, Carlo Virginio Agostoni, Paola Marchisio, Gregorio Paolo Milani and Silvana Castaldi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081091 - 18 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the most significant future health challenges in terms of both clinical and economic impacts on healthcare systems. The reason behind this issue is the misuse of antibiotics for the treatment of non-bacterial pathologies. The objective of this [...] Read more.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the most significant future health challenges in terms of both clinical and economic impacts on healthcare systems. The reason behind this issue is the misuse of antibiotics for the treatment of non-bacterial pathologies. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors underlying antibiotic prescription in pediatricians in the Lombardy region. Methods: The study was conducted by means of a 32-item questionnaire that investigated both pediatricians’ knowledge of antimicrobial resistance and the factors determining the choice to prescribe antibiotic therapy. Results: A total of 253 pediatricians participated in the survey. Most participants (71.6%) reported as highly relevant the need for a national plan against AMR. However, approximately half of the respondents declared the phenomenon of AMR as uncommon in pediatric settings. Among the identified associated factors, diagnostic uncertainty was associated with a stronger fear of legal repercussions and the influence of parental pressure when prescribing antibiotics. Conclusions: The inability to diagnose the bacterial origin of an infection might be the primary driver of prescribing choices, rather than other non-clinical factors, such as parental demands or a fear of lawsuits. Full article

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16 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between COVID-19 Vaccines and Menstrual Disorders: Retrospective Cohort Study of Women Aged 12–55 Years Old in Catalonia, Spain

by Laura Esteban-Cledera, Carlo Alberto Bissacco, Meritxell Pallejá-Millán, Marcela Villalobos and Felipe Villalobos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081090 - 18 Aug 2024

Abstract

During the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines, concerns emerged about potential adverse effects on menstrual health. This study examines the association between COVID-19 vaccination—considering the number of doses and vaccine type—and menstrual disorders, specifically heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and amenorrhea (AM). Utilizing electronic [...] Read more.

During the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines, concerns emerged about potential adverse effects on menstrual health. This study examines the association between COVID-19 vaccination—considering the number of doses and vaccine type—and menstrual disorders, specifically heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and amenorrhea (AM). Utilizing electronic health records from the Sistema d’Informació per al Desenvolupament de la Investigació en Atenció Primària (SIDIAP) database in Catalonia, Spain, the retrospective cohort included 1,172,621 vaccinated women aged 12–55 with no prior menstrual disorders observed from 27 December 2020 to 30 June 2023. The incidence rate of HMB and AM increased with the second and third doses of the vaccine. Notably, the AstraZeneca^® and Janssen^® vaccines were associated with higher odds of HMB (OR: 1.765, CI: 1.527–2.033; OR: 2.155, CI: 1.873–2.476, respectively) and AM (OR: 1.623, CI: 1.416–1.854; OR: 1.989, CI: 1.740–2.269, respectively) from the first to the second dose compared to Pfizer/BioNTech^®. Conversely, the Moderna^® vaccine appeared to offer a protective effect against HMB (OR: 0.852, CI: 0.771–0.939) and AM (OR: 0.861, CI: 0.790–0.937) between the second and third doses. These results were adjusted for potential confounders, such as age, previous COVID-19 infection, and other relevant covariates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pandemic Preparedness: Lessons Learned from COVID-19)

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13 pages, 2181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Health Risk Reduction from an Advanced Multi-Modal Air Purification System: Evaluation in a Post-Surgical Healthcare Setting

by Dino Pisaniello and Monika Nitschke

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(8), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081089 - 17 Aug 2024

Abstract

Advanced air treatment systems have the potential to reduce airborne infection risk, improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and reduce energy consumption, but few studies reported practical implementation and performance. PlasmaShield^®, an advanced multi-modal HVAC-integrated system, was directly compared with a standard [...] Read more.

Advanced air treatment systems have the potential to reduce airborne infection risk, improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and reduce energy consumption, but few studies reported practical implementation and performance. PlasmaShield^®, an advanced multi-modal HVAC-integrated system, was directly compared with a standard MERV-13 system in a post-surgical paediatric healthcare setting. The evaluation entailed monitoring of multi-size airborne particles, bioaerosols and key IAQ parameters. Measurements were taken for outside air, supply air and air in the occupied space for 3 days prior to, and after, the installation of the PlasmaShield system. Compared with the existing arrangement, very significant reductions in particle number concentrations were observed in the occupied space, especially with virus-like submicron particles. Significant reductions in airborne culturable bacteria and fungi were observed in the supply air, with more modest reductions in the occupied space. In the case of virus-like particles, there was an eight-fold improvement in equivalent clean air, suggesting a five-fold infection risk reduction for long-range exposure. The data suggest multiple benefits of airborne particle and bioaerosol reduction, with applications beyond healthcare. Long-term studies are recommended to confirm the combined IAQ, health and energy benefits. Full article

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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