Mod 4
Mod 4
Mod 4
interactions between two or more stakeholders in policy making, development projects, and
decision making in disaster risk reduction (DRR) education.
> Stakeholder analysis is done using either a grid method or salience model.
> The grid method uses two parameters about the stakeholders to analyse and create a grid.
> In this grid, every stakeholder will be judged based on their power and interest towards
the project
> Accordingly all the stakeholders will be segregated into different qua
power high
power low
> This technique helps in putting the stakeholders at the right places so that appropriate
strategies for each of them or each group can be worked out.
> Salience model is also used in some cases for conducting stakeholder analysis. Salience
model uses three parameters about each stakeholder to decide their position.
Once appropriate stakeholder engagement strategies are developed, then the project
manager and project team will start engaging with stakeholders with the intention of
understanding their perspective towards project and seeking their support for
successful completion of the project.
The project manager uses all the interpersonal and communication skills, social and
cultural skills in this effort to engage the stakeholders.
Primary stakeholders:
Those directly affected (positively or negatively) by it. They include local populations as
well as poor and marginalised groups. In disaster risk reduction, these stakeholders include:
homeowners, renters, homeless persons and community-based small-scale businesses.
Secondary stakeholders:
These refer to those who are indirectly affected by it.They include the government, line
ministry and project staff, implementing agencies, local governments, civil society based
organisations, private sector firms, and other development agencies. The Ghana Police
Service, National Fire Service, National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO),
Ghana Education Service (GES), Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), etc. are all
part of this group.
Key stakeholders:
This group can significantly influence, or are important to the success of the project through
financial resources or power. Key stakeholders could include National Disaster
Management Organisation (NADMO), Ministry of Local Government and Rural
Development (MLGRD), Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs), etc.
Step 2: Assess stakeholder interest and the potential impact of the new initiative
you can use more than one idea in a session, and you should always leave
time in the schedule to include participatory approaches and techniques to
stimulate thinking, reflecting, discussing, and engaging
Panel Discussions
Pyramid Schemes
Debates
Speakers present opposing sides of an issue.
This format can liven up a discussion topic that lends itself to debating pros
and cons, multiple views, or conflicting opinions around an issue.
As a variation, groups of participants can be assigned opposing sides of an
issue and asked to formulate the key debate points as a group.
Round Table
Participants form groups around a specific topic area in order to share
experiences and discuss ideas.
This format provides an informal setting for starting dialogue, sharing and
discussion.
Roundtables are similar to working sessions but generally are not as formal
and may be used to simply start the discussion without the time allotted to
work toward completing a joint project.
Levels of Stakeholder Participation
Experience shows that involving all stakeholders to participate fully in all decision-
making stages is neither realistic nor useful in a given situation.
Each stakeholder category has a specific role to play and can be said to have an orbit of
influence with respect to a particular activity.
The decision-makers are at the centre of the orbit of influence on the decision-making
process.
Orbit 1 contains the stakeholders who are partners in decision-making. Final decisions
must be made with their concurrence.
Orbit 2 features the creators, who are deeply involved in the decision being made and in
developing alternatives and are therefore constantly involved.
Orbit 3 consists of the advisors, who are active but not constantly involved and are
called upon periodically for advice.
Orbit 4 features the reviewers, those who wish to be kept informed before a decision
becomes a policy, rule, law or fait accompli. However, they do not feel the need to be
active throughout the process.
Orbit 5 contains the observers. These are people who do not want to be surprised. They
watch and react only if an issue concerns them. However, they could be party to the
process, but not entirely involved.
The outer orbit holds those who are not seen in the process, but who will react if they
are suddenly surprised and feel threatened.
Disaster communication
Communication during and immediately after a disaster situation is an important.
Disaster risk communication may take place through many different channels, including
face-to face conversations, telephone calls, group meetings, mass media such as
television, radio, Internet and interactive social media such as Twitter and Facebook.
Trust is a big part of effective risk communication. If the information source cannot be
trusted, those at risk may not respond proactively to the warnings and it takes a long
time to establish trust.
There are numerous standards and protocols used by alerting authorities to transmit
warnings.
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tsunamis, volcanoes, public health, power outages, and many other emergencies.
Sources and key shareholders must be identified and different audiences must be given
priority.
It is vital to create messages that will make health agencies visible and relevant to the
population, the international community, donors, communications media, and
organizations involved in international disaster response.
Language barriers often exist when first responders and receivers have difficulty
talking to people who speak a different language.
Many areas have people who speak many different languages.Also, first receiver
may come from other countries to help.
In addition, communication may be difficult when people are under intense stress,
which is inevitable during an emergency.
Non-Focus on the issue at hand, not being attentive
Avoid interruption, show interest in what is being said
Avoid being judgemental but make provision for feedbacks
Pay attention to non-verbal communication
Be conscious of individual differences
Keep stress in check but be assertive
> This feature allows users who are located within a certain distance of a natural
> A two-way radio (also known as walkie-talkies) is a pair of handheld devices that can
connect with each other provided both are on the same frequency, within a certain
distance.
> One user can talk while the other listens and vice-versa.
> It is similar although more complex than a regular two-way radio as it contains more
functionality.
> Cell phone apps are not only fun for playing games and keeping the kids occupied on
a long car ride, they can also help in a disaster setting.
a.Life360
contains a messaging service feature. Automatic alerts can notify the user when a
loved one arrives or checks-in at specified destinations as well.
b.FEMA app
This application gives users access to preparedness tips such as survival advice,
emergency checklists, and meeting locations that can be saved to a mobile device. It
gives the user access to weather alerts from the National Weather Service tailored to a
specific area.
5.Police Scanner
> This device allows the user to hear all emergency communication between officials
in the police, rescue, fire, respondent, military, and aircraft industries.
> Although the user cannot broadcast on it, it does allow access to important
information during an emergency situation.
6.Word-of-Mouth
> When all else fails, power is out, internet access is scarce, and devices are ruined or
have not been purchased prior, it comes down to survival instincts.
7.Landline telephone
> Perhaps not the most popular option anymore, but having a landline telephone can
be a life saver when access to a cellphone or other electronic device is limited or non-
existence.
> Depending on the type of technology supplied by your provider, it is possible that a
landline telephone will work, even when internet access is down.
CRISIS COUNSELLING
A crisis might be caused by an event such as the death of a family member, the loss
of a job, or the ending of a relationship.
During such times people experience a wide range of feelings, and each person's
response to a crisis is different and it is normal to feel frightened, anxious, or
depressed at such a time.
Non-Reactive
supportive when client shows strong emotions.
Specific Training: receive specific skills and techniques in crisis counselling that are
quite different from normal counselling.
Self-Awareness:: knows him/her self and empathise with clients without becoming
personally involved or emotional when people who have gone personal experiences
come to them.
Home placed at higher elevations and built with flood resistant materials.
Institutional Arrangements
CAPACITY ASSESSMENT
A Capacity Assessment is an analysis of desired capacities against existing capacities; this
generates an understanding of capacity assets and needs, which informs the formulation of
a capacity development response
According to a pre-
Such models tend to overlook the existing capacity assets which are likely to be a good
starting point for future capacity development.
Gap assessments tend to have a one-sided focus on weaknesses, and they tend to lead to
or
capacity gaps. Such approaches rarely work.
Look beyond single organisations:
Particularly in sector wide approaches, it is important
a central ministry, and see capacity issues from that view only.
Front-line service providers, central level cross cutting ministries, oversight institutions
and non-state actors are likely to shape and condition the dynamics of CD.
> Strengthening Capacities for Disaster Risk Reduction has been developed against the
> The objective of this component is to enhance the capabilities of the implementing
entities in managing disaster risks, enhancing preparedness, and achieving resilient
recovery.