Aakash Kumar
Aakash Kumar
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Business-to-business (B2B)
B2B can be defined as the transaction between
businesses, for instance, between a wholesaler and a
retailer, or between a manufacturer and a wholesaler
[2]. The total value for this sector is more than $15
trillion in 2013, as estimated by UNCTAD [2].
B. Business-to-consumer (B2C)
B2C is the sales by “pure-play” e-commerce
enterprises. Measured by both online buyers and by
revenue, China emerged as the largest global market
for B2C e-commerce and the market is expanding
rapidly, especially in Asia and Africa [2].
Consumers can be reached via broad range of
channels including dedicated e-commerce
websites,
social networks, crowd sourcing platforms, mobile
applications and so on [2].
C. Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
C2C is considered as the modern version of
classified marketing in newspaper or going to a
public sale. It provides a platform offering potentials
for casual enterprises to engage in e-commerce. In
general, C22 like eBay or Taobao covers online
public sale and sales within the online
communities[2].
D. Business-to-government (B2G)
The B2G dealing is similar to B2B, except that
instead of business, the customers are a government
entity. Example of this sector is public e-
procurement [2].
III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study uses mainly secondary data, which
are journals and formal reports. Recent
academic journals were selected, ranging from the
year 2011 to 2015. The databases used are from
IEEE and ScienceDirect. Google Scholar was used
as the initial platform to gather relevant articles. The
contents of each journal were browsed, and then
collected. No new model or framework was derived
from this study.
IV CHALLENGES
A. Trust
The trust between sellers and buyers plays an important
role for any successful e-commerce transactions. Yoon
and Occena [1] have found out that trust is the
fundamental problem in e-commerce environment.
Comparing to traditional commerce, trust is more
important in e-commerce because goods and services
purchased over the Internet cannot be immediately
verified and also because of the lack of rules and
regulation in e-commerce [1].
B. Readiness Level
Readiness level is another factor of the ecommerce
challenges. Kurnia et al. [4] presented a framework
consisting three levels of readiness which are
Organizational Readiness (OR), Industry Readiness (IR)
and National Readiness (NR).
V. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
A. Trust Solutions
Noor et al. [8] proposed a trust framework for social
commerce which consisting of Usefulness, Ease of Use,
Security, Privacy, Website Design and E-word of
mouth. The study that focuses on Scommerce which is
also applicable for E-commerce since it’s a subset of E-
commerce. According to the researchers, usefulness is
the degree to which user recognizes the commerce site
to be beneficial and the user’s decision and perception
to the business transaction are affected by this factor
[8]. The next factor that influences the online trust is
ease of use. Yoon and Occena [1] stated that a notable
attempt must be made to improve the website quality
and enhance the third-party recognition (TPR). Using
gender and age as the control variables, their research is
to investigate the trust in C2C ecommerce. Younger
generations are affected by the quality of an e-
commerce website that influence them to become real
online purchasers [1]. E-commerce enterprises should
come out with a different strategy to cater for different
target of consumer’s age. For the TPR, E-commerce
websites have options to use third-party seals of
approval like TRUSTe or BBBOnline for endorsing the
privacy seals since users consider them important and
are more likely to
Provide personal information over the Internet [1]. For
the enterprises targeting consumers over 40 years old, the
trust can be established by providing communities that let
consumers to give feedback since the customers’ feedback
and comments can influence other customers [1]. Other
researchers [8, 9] agree that recommendation from family
or friends or word of mouth are considered an effective
factor on reputation and trust.
Zhang [10] stated that, the trust factors for ecommerce
can be measured in the form of; item as described in the
website, service manner, and shipping time of the
products or services. Using Taobao.com as the model for
the study, the researcher mentioned the weaknesses
existing in the Taobao rating system. Taobao.com is the
China’s largest C2C online marketplace [1, 2] where 90
percent of the transactions comes from China [2]. In
2011, the total business transactions is about 600 billion
Yuan [10]. Since almost all C2C enterprises in China has
been adopting the same trust models like Taobao, the
researcher has proposed a few countermeasures;
transaction price weight, time attenuation coefficient, and
trust factors weighted to overcome the disadvantages of
Taobao adopted trust models [10].
VI. CONCLUSION
OECD,
[3]https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/
wkprog_ e.htm (accessed 20 April 2016), 2011.