Research
The NBER conducts and disseminates independent, cutting-edge, non-partisan research that advances economic knowledge and informs policy makers and the business community.
New NBER Papers
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Working Paper
Teamwork has become more important in recent decades. We show that larger teams generate an unintended side effect:...
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Working Paper
Because corporate limited liability protects founder’s personal assets, creditors often require founders of new, small...
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Working Paper
We examine the rise of cloud computing and AI in China and their impacts on industry dynamics after the shock to the...
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Working Paper
Germany, like many other countries, has undergone a series of pension reforms since the 1980s which generally...
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Working Paper
When obtaining information on individuals’ race and ethnicity, the Current Population Survey (CPS) currently follows...
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The Digest
The Digest is a free monthly publication featuring non-technical summaries of research on topics of broad public interest.
![The Costs of Sovereign Debt Crises figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/w32600_1.jpg?itok=M2Mjkp7D)
Article
Sovereign debt crises have been a recurring phenomenon in the global economy for over two centuries, with far-reaching consequences for both creditors and debtor nations. Two recent studies examine creditor losses as well as the often-overlooked social costs of sovereign defaults.In Sovereign Haircuts: 200 Years of Creditor Losses (NBER Working Paper 32599), Clemens M. Graf von Luckner, Josefin Meyer, Carmen M. Reinhart, and Christoph Trebesch analyze creditor losses...
![Labor Market Returns from International Migration Primary figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/w32352.jpg?itok=3NusWg7i)
Article
The international migration of skilled workers can bring needed talent to developed nations, but it has also been labeled “brain drain” in the countries these workers leave. In Return Migration and Human Capital Flows (NBER Working Paper 32352), Naser Amanzadeh, Amir Kermani, and Timothy McQuade provide new evidence on the labor market returns to international migration from the perspective of skilled workers.The researchers analyze data on employment and...
The Reporter
The Reporter is a free quarterly publication featuring program updates, affiliates writing about their research, and news about the NBER.
![Program Report: Children and Families figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/Currie%20and%20Aizer%20_%20Figure%201%20_%20Final-01.jpg?itok=fj8psjDY)
Article
Author(s):
On July 1, the Program on Children was renamed the Program on Children and Families. This change, which better captures the range of research carried out by its 171 affiliates, in part marks a return to the program’s roots. In 1993, the late Alan Krueger launched an NBER project on the Economics of Families and Children. It subsequently became a program and has been known as the Program on Children since 1997.1 Broadening the program name recognizes the complex web of...
![Clearing the Air: Historical Air Pollution and Health figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/Clay%20and%20Severnini%20_%20Figure%201%20_%20Final-01.jpg?itok=L6DJe5DB)
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Air pollution has serious and longstanding negative effects on human health. The primary focus of research on air pollution in the United States since the enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 has been the health implications of particulate matter. In comparison, there has been relatively little work on air pollution and health in historical periods, even though air pollution was much higher in earlier times than it is today. Research on historical air pollution...
The Bulletin on Retirement & Disability
The Bulletin on Retirement and Disability summarizes research in the NBER's Retirement and Disabiy Research Center. A quarterly, it is distributed digitally and is free.
![Racial and Ethnic Disparities in SSDI Entry and Health figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/NB23-04_figure_AuthorReview_Final%20%281%29-01.jpg?itok=8CUybdP2)
Article
In a new study of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in SSDI Entry and Health (NBER RDRC Center Paper NB23-04), Colleen Carey, Nolan H. Miller, and David Molitor document significant racial and ethnic differences in the use of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). Non-Hispanic Blacks and Native Americans enter the SSDI program at the highest rates relative to their share of the population while non-Hispanic Asians enter at the lowest rates. Average...
![This figure is a vertical bar graph titled “Effects of Mortality of Opening a Casino on Native American Reservations”. The y-axis is labeled "Difference in Mortality Rate Relative to Non-Native Americans." It ranges from 0 to 15 percent, increasing in increments of 5. On the x-axis, there are three situations represented: "Native American without Casino," "Native American with Casino," and "Native American with Casino + Cash Transfer." For each situation, there are two corresponding bars representing the m](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/Nb22-05_figure_Final%20revised-01.jpg?itok=34myBNrD)
Article
Native Americans have long experienced poor health outcomes and high mortality rates. Poverty, a critical social determinant of health, is pervasive in tribal communities, contributing to persistent inequities. In an effort to address these challenges, some Native American tribes have turned to casino operations as a means of generating revenue and promoting economic development. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 paved the way for this approach by allowing...
The Bulletin on Health
The Bulletin on Health summarizes recent NBER Working Papers pertaining to health topics. It is distributed digitally three times a year and is free.
![Decision-Making by Medical Surrogates for End-of-Life Patients Primary tabs](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/BH_w32116_figure_Final%20updated_v2-01_0.jpg?itok=IJ658VdM)
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As the population ages, the need for surrogate decision-makers for patients near the end of their lives is rising. When hospitalized older adults are unable to actively participate in decisions about their care, surrogates must make choices, often with limited information. Advance care planning with written directives may improve surrogate decision-making, but directives have limitations: preferences may change after completion, directions may not apply to the ultimate...
![Effects of Insurance Coverage on Infertility Treatments, Childbearing, and Wellbeing figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-07/w32445.jpg?itok=xjuIEOf3)
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Between 1995 and 2010, the share of births in Sweden that involved assisted reproductive technologies (ART) rose from 2 to 10 percent. These treatments range from low-cost drugs to costly and invasive interventions, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).In The Economics of Infertility: Evidence from Reproductive Medicine (NBER Working Paper 32445), Sarah Bögl, Jasmin Moshfegh, Petra Persson, and Maria Polyakova provide new evidence on the...
The Bulletin on Entrepreneurship
Introducing recent NBER entrepreneurship research and the scholars who conduct it
![Immigration Policy and Entrepreneurs’ Choice of Startup Location figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-05/w31634_BE_figure_Final%20%281%29-01.jpg?itok=3P55j_gu)
Article
Immigrants play a significant role in the entrepreneurial landscape. In the United States, immigrants are 80 percent more likely to start businesses than native-born Americans. More than half of America's billion-dollar startup companies trace their roots to immigrant founders. There is limited research, however, on the factors that influence immigrants' decisions about where to locate their startup businesses. In The Effect of Immigration Policy on Founding...
![Explaining Geographic Disparities in the Commercialization of Academic Research figure](/sites/default/files/styles/listing/public/2024-04/w32069_BE_figure_Final%20%281%29-01.jpg?itok=YNC3dnj-)
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A significant amount of corporate innovation, including in dynamic industries such as software and biotech, is the direct result of university-based research. Consequently, policymakers around the globe have sought to promote the diffusion and successful commercialization of academic research in the private sector. In The Wandering Scholars: Understanding the Heterogeneity of University Commercialization (NBER Working Paper 32069), Josh Lerner, Henry...
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