Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition (2024)

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Appendix A U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered TABLE A-1 U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered Document Year Overview (Taken from Document / Source) WHITE HOUSE/INTERAGENCY Interim National Security Strategic 2021 Presents President Biden’s vision for how America will Guidance engage with the world amongst shifting global dynamics. Departments and agencies are directed to align their actions with this guidance, even as they begin work on a National Security Strategy. There is no explicit mention of chemical weapons or chemical terrorism. National Security Strategy 2017 Organized around four pillars of effort, the first of which is “Protect the American People, the Homeland, and the American Way of Life.” A goal within this pillar is to defend against WMD threats, and priority actions are identified. National Strategy for Counterterrorism 2018 Describes the USG approach to countering non-state WMD of the United States of America threats, emphasizing the need for continuous pressure against WMD-capable terrorist groups, enhanced security for dangerous materials throughout the world, and increased burden sharing among our foreign partners. Outlines five strategic objectives that emphasize prevention, deterrence, detection, identification, and response. Presidential Policy Directive (PPD)-8: 2011 Aims at strengthening the security and resilience of the National Preparedness United States through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber-attacks, pandemics, and catastrophic natural disasters. Under this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating domestic all-hazards preparedness efforts of federal departments and agencies in consultation with other levels of government, non-governmental organizations, private sector partners, and the public. PPD-21: Critical Infrastructure 2013 Outlines a national effort to strengthen and maintain secure, Security and Resilience functioning, and resilient critical infrastructure. The chemical industry is designated as the first of 16 national critical infrastructure sectors. Homeland Security Presidential 2002 Outlines three pillars of effort to counter the threat of WMDs: Directive (HSPD)-4: National counter-proliferation to combat WMD use; strengthened Strategy to Combat Weapons of nonproliferation to combat WMD proliferation; and Mass Destruction consequence management to respond to WMD use. The Strategy also details four “cross-cutting enabling functions” to be pursued: intelligence collection and analysis on WMD, delivery systems, and related technologies; research and development to improve our ability to respond to evolving threats; bilateral and multilateral cooperation; and targeted strategies against hostile states and terrorists. continued Prepublication Copy 141 

Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies TABLE A-1 continued Document Year Overview (Taken from Document / Source) HSPD-5: Management of Domestic 2003 Establishes a single, comprehensive national incident Incidents management system to enhance the ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents. This directive gives the Secretary of Homeland Security responsibility for managing domestic incidents, including incidents related to chemical terrorism. HSPD-9: Defense of U.S. Agriculture 2004 Establishes a national policy to defend the agriculture and and Food food system against terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. HSPD-18: Medical Countermeasures 2007 Describes the principles from which national guidance is Against Weapons of Mass Destruction derived for addressing the challenges presented by the diverse CBRN threat spectrum, optimizing the investments necessary for medical countermeasures development, and ensuring that USG activities significantly enhance domestic and international response and recovery capabilities. Outlines the chemical threats for which the development of targeted medical countermeasures might be warranted. National Strategy for CBRNE 2011 Describes the need for CBRNE standards. The Strategy Standards specifies high-level goals, identifies lead activities to accomplish these goals, and provides the foundation to bridge current gaps. It establishes a structure to facilitate the coordination of CBRNE investments and activities among agency leaders, program managers, the research and testing community, and the private sector. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE U.S. Army Medical Research 2023 How each direct reporting agency unit works both internally and Development Command and within the command structure to deliver emerging (USAMRDC) Handbook science and cutting-edge material to U.S. Soldiers. Reporting agencies include: Chemical Biological Radiation and Nuclear Defense Research Coordinating Office Chemical Biological Defense Program (CBDP) (https://mrdc.amedd.army.mil/ assets/docs/media/USAMRDC-Handbook.pdf) DoD Strategy for Countering 2014 Represents the DoD’s response to the WMD threat. Specifies Weapons of Mass Destruction desired end states, prescribes priority objectives, delineates a strategic approach for achieving those objectives, and outlines the countering WMD activities and tasks necessary for success. Presents four priority objectives to define a comprehensive response to the WMD challenge and focus on shaping the environment, cooperating with partners, and prioritizing early action. DoD Directive (DoDD) 5160.05E: 2017, Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities associated with Roles and Responsibilities Associated rev. 2019 the CBDP research, development, and acquisition of CBRD with the Chemical and Biological capabilities required to support CWMD missions as set forth Defense Program in the DoD Strategy for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction and DoD Directive (DoDD) 2060.02. Designates and defines the role of the Secretary of the Army as the DoD Executive Agent for the CBDP. Prepublication Copy 142 

Appendix A DoD Instruction (DoDI) 3020.52: 2012 Implements policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes DoD Installation Chemical, Biological, procedures to establish and implement a program for a global Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield DoD installation hazard response to manage the Explosive (CBRNE) Preparedness consequences of a CBRN incident. It provides guidance for Standards the establishment of a CBRN preparedness program for emergency responders at all DoD installations. DoDI 2000.21: DoD Support to 2016, Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities for DoD International Chemical, Biological, rev. 2017 support to the USG response to international CBRN Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) incidents. Policy states that DoD will conduct international Incidents CBRN-response operations to protect U.S. citizens, deter the use of WMD, minimize hazards and effects of CBRN incidents, and alleviate effects of such incidents. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 2015, Provides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) Instruction (CJCSI) 3125.01D: current as policy guidance and operational instructions for DoD Defense Response to Chemical, of 2021 response to CBRN incidents in the homeland. Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Incidents in the Homeland CJCSI 3214.01E: Defense Support for 2015, Provides guidance for assistance provided by U.S. military Chemical, Biological, Radiological, current as resources in support of USG objectives to prepare for and and Nuclear Incidents on Foreign of 2021 respond to CBRN incidents that occur on or impact foreign Territory territory. Description of the National Military 2018 Unclassified summary of the Strategy which provides the Strategy Joint Force a framework for protecting and advancing U.S. national interests. The Strategy implements the policy and strategy direction provided in the 2017 National Security Strategy, the 2018 National Defense Strategy, the Defense Planning Guidance, and other documents. Articulates a continuum of strategic direction to frame global integration into three strategy horizons to meet the challenges of the existing and future security environment. National Military Strategy to Combat 2006 Defines a strategic end state, military strategic objectives, and Weapons of Mass Destruction the missions and means to achieve them. Provides a framework to the DoD on which to base deliberate planning, coordination activities, operations, and capabilities development. Chemical and Biological Defense 2008 Guides the actions of the CBDP and outlines the strategic Program (CBDP) Strategic Plan priorities to accomplish four overarching goals over the next 10 to 15 years. One such goal is: “Define and develop future capabilities to increase significantly our ability to dissuade, deter, defend against, and defeat any future adversary in any CBRN threat environment.” CBDP Annual Report to Congress, 2021 Assesses and evaluates the DoD Fiscal Year 2020 chemical Public Summary and biological defense efforts and overall readiness to fight and win in a chemically and biologically- contaminated environment. CBDP Annual Report to Congress 2018 Focuses on the readiness of the DoD to respond to current and emerging threats and highlights important collaborations, research, and development activities to address novel threats. Highlighted are opportunities to strengthen the readiness of the Joint Force to operate in a contaminated environment. continued Prepublication Copy 143 

Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies TABLE A-1 continued Document Year Overview (Taken from Document / Source) Commander’s Handbook for Strategic 2009 Pre-doctrinal document on strategic communication (SC) and Communication and Communication development of communication strategy at all levels of Strategy command. Provides fundamental principles and best practices as a bridge between current practice in the field and migration into doctrine. As such it is a useful tool for identifying to improve/strengthen interagency communication and coordination in preventing, countering, and responding to WMDT involving chemical threats. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/ pdfs/ADA525371.pdf DTRA-JSTO eBook N/A Outlines the mission, strategy, and capabilities of DTRA JSTO. Describes the CBDP and DTRA JSTO’s role in supporting disruptive scientific and technological advancements to protect the warfighter and the nation. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY National Infrastructure Protection 2013 Guides the national effort to manage risk to the Nation’s Plan (NIPP): Partnering for Critical critical infrastructure. Present an integrated approach with Infrastructure Security and Resilience partnerships among owners and operators; Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial governments; regional entities; non-profit organizations; and academia to manage the risks from significant threats and hazards to physical and cyber critical infrastructure. The approach addresses the need to identify, deter, detect, disrupt, and prepare for threats and hazards to the Nation’s critical infrastructure. National Incident Management 2017 NIMS guides all levels of government, nongovernmental System (NIMS) organizations (NGOs), and the private sector to work together to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from incidents. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/ 2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf HHS Chemical Hazards Emergency Planning, medical response, and decontamination guidance Medical Management Response for conventional chemicals and chemical warfare agents. Guidance Goals of the documents: − Enable first responders, first receivers, other healthcare providers, and planners to plan for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the effects of mass-casualty incidents involving chemicals; − Provide a comprehensive, user-friendly, web-based resource that is also downloadable in advance, so that it would be available during an event if the internet is not accessible; − Goals above are from the Above top-level document found at https://chemm.hhs.gov/index.html. Similarly, 2015-2018 HHS/BARDA released the Primary Response Incident Scene Management (PRISM) Guidance documents. PRISM Volume 1: Strategic guidance relevant to senior incident commanders, https://www.medicalcountermeasures. gov/BARDA/Documents/PRISM%20Volume%201_Strategi c%20Guidance%20Second%20Edition.pdf Prepublication Copy 144 

Appendix A PRISM Volume 2: Reviews the processes involved in mass patient disrobe and decontamination, the rationale that underpins each process, and guidance for first responder training/exercising. https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov /media/36873/prism-volume-2.pdf PRISM Volume 3: The tactical guidance mass patient disrobe and decontamination which aims to provide all Federal, State, Tribal, and local first responders with a simple, readily accessible guide to critical aspects of the incident response processes. https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/ BARDA/Documents/PRISM%20Volume%203__Operational %20Guidance%20Second%20Edition.pdf CDC Chemical Emergency Guidance for the General Public. https://www.cdc.gov/chemicalemergencies/index.html CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS No Information National Security Presidential Memo/NSPM-36 National Defense Strategy 2022 & 2023 United States Global Campaign to Deter the Use of Chemical Weapons by State and Not-State Actors TABLE A-2 List of Organizations that Briefed the Committee Federal Agency Organization Acronym Briefer United States House House Armed Services Committee Shannon Green of Representatives DoD Office of the Secretary of Defense (Policy) OSD(P) Robert Thompson DoD Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Joint DTRA JSTO Ronald K. Hann, Jr. Science and Technology Office DoD Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, JPEO-CBRND Daniel J. McCormick Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense DoD Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for OASD, NCB, Ian Watson Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense or CBD Programs DoD U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development CCDC CBC Robert Kristovich and Command Chemical Biological Center Joy Ginter DoD U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of USAMRICD Chemical Defense DoD 20th Chemical, Biological, Radiological, 20th CBRNE Nuclear, Explosives Command Command Pentagon Briefings Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, DASD DASD Watson, IC Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Participants DHS Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction CWMD & CCG Mark Kirk, Office and Chemical Coordination Group continued Prepublication Copy 145 

Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies TABLE A-2 continued Federal Agency Organization Acronym Briefer DHS Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA Lito Ignacio DHS Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security CISA & CFATS Annie Hunziker and Agency and Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Kelly Murray Standards DoD Defense Threat Reduction Agency Cooperative DTRA, CTR Pat Becker and Threat Reduction Michelle Nalabandian Scott DHS Chemical Security Analysis Center CSAC Shannon Fox FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate WMDD Todd Savage FBI Chemical Biological Countermeasures Unit CBCU Scott Sharp FBI Intelligence Analysis Section Mathew Hendley and Patrick McNellis FBI Laboratory Division Doug Anders NIH/ NIAID Chemical Countermeasures Research Program NIAID, CCRP David Yeung DHHS Biomedical Advanced Research and BARDA Judy Laney Development Authority NCTC Weapons of Mass Destruction Counter WMD-CT Thomas Breske Terrorism Group DoD United States Special Operations Command SOCOM Ruth Berglin, Alissa Ackley, and Justin Gorkowski State Department The Bureau of International Security and ISN Michael Wipper, Nonproliferation Allison Tolbert, Costa Nicolaidis, and Kaitlyn Hudson Prepublication Copy 146