Articles from Emerging Infectious Diseases
Volume 30, Number 9—September 2024
Synopses
Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure
Measles in persons with secondary vaccination failure (SVF) may be less infectious than cases in unvaccinated persons. Our systematic review aimed to assess transmission risk for measles after SVF. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from their inception dates. Inclusion criteria were articles describing persons who were exposed to measles-infected persons who had experienced SVF. Across the included 14 studies, >3,030 persons were exposed to measles virus from SVF cases, of whom 180 were susceptible, indicating secondary attack rates of 0%–6.25%. We identified 109 cases of SVF from the studies; 10.09% (n = 11) of case-patients transmitted the virus, resulting in 23 further cases and yielding an effective reproduction number of 0.063 (95% CI 0.0–0.5). These findings suggest a remarkably low attack rate for SVF measles cases, suggesting that, In outbreak situations, public health management of unvaccinated persons could be prioritized over persons with SVF.
EID | Tranter I, Smoll N, Lau CL, Williams D, Neucom D, Barnekow D, et al. Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240150 |
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AMA | Tranter I, Smoll N, Lau CL, et al. Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1747-1754. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240150. |
APA | Tranter, I., Smoll, N., Lau, C. L., Williams, D., Neucom, D., Barnekow, D....Dyda, A. (2024). Onward Virus Transmission after Measles Secondary Vaccination Failure. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1747-1754. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240150. |
Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging as notable causative agents of opportunistic infections. To examine clinical significance, species distribution, and temporal trends of NTM in Denmark, we performed a nationwide register-based study of all unique persons with NTM isolated in the country during 1991–2022. We categorized patients as having definite disease, possible disease, or isolation by using a previously validated method. The incidence of pulmonary NTM increased throughout the study period, in contrast to earlier findings. Mycobacterium malmoense, M. kansasii, M. szulgai, and M. avium complex were the most clinically significant species based on microbiologic findings; M. avium dominated in incidence. This study shows the need for surveillance for an emerging infection that is not notifiable in most countries, provides evidence to support clinical decision-making, and highlights the importance of not considering NTM as a single entity.
EID | Dahl V, Pedersen A, Norman A, Rasmussen E, van Ingen J, Andersen A, et al. Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240095 |
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AMA | Dahl V, Pedersen A, Norman A, et al. Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1755-1762. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240095. |
APA | Dahl, V., Pedersen, A., Norman, A., Rasmussen, E., van Ingen, J., Andersen, A....Lillebaek, T. (2024). Clinical Significance, Species Distribution, and Temporal Trends of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Denmark, 1991–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1755-1762. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240095. |
Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand
Nematodes of the Onchocercidae family, such as Pelecitus spp., are filarial parasites of medical and veterinary importance. Although infections are widely distributed among avian species, only 2 cases of human Pelecitus ocular infection, both in South America, have been reported. We describe a 61-year-old man in northeast Thailand diagnosed with an ocular infection. Morphologic characteristics suggested the causative agent was a female Pelecitus nematode: coiled body, rounded anterior and posterior extremities, a distinct preesophageal cuticular ring, lateral alae, a postdeirid, and a protuberant vulva. Sequences of the 12S rDNA gene indicated 95%–96% identity and cox1 gene 92%–96% identity with published P. copsychi sequences. P-distance for cox1 sequences between the causative agent and P. copsychi was 6.71%. Phylogenetic trees of 12S rDNA and cox1 genes indicated the species differed from but is closely associated with P. copsychi. Healthcare providers should be aware of the threat of ocular infection from Pelecitus spp. nematodes.
EID | Rujkorakarn P, Suvannachart P, Patamatamkul S, Thanchomnang T, Pramual P, Saijuntha W, et al. Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1763-1769. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231692 |
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AMA | Rujkorakarn P, Suvannachart P, Patamatamkul S, et al. Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1763-1769. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231692. |
APA | Rujkorakarn, P., Suvannachart, P., Patamatamkul, S., Thanchomnang, T., Pramual, P., Saijuntha, W....Uni, S. (2024). Morphologic and Molecular Identification of Human Ocular Infection Caused by Pelecitus Nematodes, Thailand. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1763-1769. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231692. |
Research
We conducted a prospective study of 159 cases of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) bacteremia in 157 patients at 2 hospitals in Finland during November 2015–November 2019. Cellulitis was associated with nonsevere disease (p = 0.008); necrotizing fasciitis was associated with severe disease (p = 0.004). Fifty percent of patients had >1 clinical characteristic associated with risk for death. The case-fatality rate was 6%, and 7% of patients were treated in an intensive care unit. Blood leukocyte counts on days 2 (p = 0.032) and 3 (p = 0.020) and C-reactive protein levels on days 3 (p = 0.030) and 4 (p = 0.009) after admission were predictors of severe disease. The Pitt bacteremia score was an accurate predictor of death. Using the Pitt bacteremia score, leukocyte counts, and CRP responses during initial treatment can improve treatment strategies and survival for patients with SDSE.
EID | Nevanlinna V, Aittoniemi J, Huttunen R, Luukkaala T, Rantala S. Clinical Aspects and Disease Severity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Bacteremia, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1770-1778. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240278 |
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AMA | Nevanlinna V, Aittoniemi J, Huttunen R, et al. Clinical Aspects and Disease Severity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Bacteremia, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1770-1778. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240278. |
APA | Nevanlinna, V., Aittoniemi, J., Huttunen, R., Luukkaala, T., & Rantala, S. (2024). Clinical Aspects and Disease Severity of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis Bacteremia, Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1770-1778. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240278. |
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes
Spread of the Anopheles stephensi mosquito, an invasive malaria vector, threatens to put an additional 126 million persons per year in Africa at risk for malaria. To accelerate the early detection and rapid response to this mosquito species, confirming its presence and geographic extent is critical. However, existing molecular species assays require specialized laboratory equipment, interpretation, and sequencing confirmation. We developed and optimized a colorimetric rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for molecular An. stephensi species identification. The assay requires only a heat source and reagents and can be used with or without DNA extraction, resulting in positive color change in 30–35 minutes. We validated the assay against existing PCR techniques and found 100% specificity and analytical sensitivity down to 0.0003 ng of genomic DNA. The assay can successfully amplify single mosquito legs. Initial testing on samples from Marsabit, Kenya, illustrate its potential as an early vector detection and malaria mitigation tool.
EID | Rafferty C, Raise G, Scaife J, Abongo B, Omondi S, Milanoi S, et al. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240444 |
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AMA | Rafferty C, Raise G, Scaife J, et al. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1779-1789. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240444. |
APA | Rafferty, C., Raise, G., Scaife, J., Abongo, B., Omondi, S., Milanoi, S....Zohdy, S. (2024). Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay to Detect Invasive Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240444. |
Evidence on mortality rates and causes of death associated with extrapulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infection is limited. This nationwide register-based study in Denmark used diagnostic codes to match adult patients with extrapulmonary NTM infection 1:4 to controls. During 2000–2017, we identified 485 patients, who had significantly more comorbidities than controls. The 5-year mortality rate for patients was 26.8% (95% CI 23.1%–31.0%) and for controls, 10.9% (95% CI 9.6%–12.4%). The median age at death was 76 (interquartile range 63–85) years for patients and 84 (interquartile range 73–90) years for controls. The adjusted hazard rate of death for patients was 1.34 (95% CI 1.10–1.63; p = 0.004). Patients and controls mainly died of cardiovascular disease and solid malignant neoplasms. Hematologic malignancies and HIV were more frequently causes of death in patients. Mortality rates are substantial among patients with extrapulmonary NTM infection, predominantly caused by underlying conditions.
EID | Pedersen AA, Dahl VN, Løkke A, Holden IK, Fløe A, Ibsen R, et al. Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1790-1798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240475 |
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AMA | Pedersen AA, Dahl VN, Løkke A, et al. Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1790-1798. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240475. |
APA | Pedersen, A. A., Dahl, V. N., Løkke, A., Holden, I. K., Fløe, A., Ibsen, R....Johansen, I. S. (2024). Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1790-1798. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240475. |
Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022
To investigate epidemiology of and risk factors for laboratory-confirmed mpox during the 2022 outbreak in Nigeria, we enrolled 265 persons with suspected mpox. A total of 163 (61.5%) were confirmed to have mpox; 137 (84.0%) were adults, 112 (68.7%) male, 143 (87.7%) urban/semi-urban dwellers, 12 (7.4%) self-reported gay men, and 3 (1.8%) female sex workers. Significant risk factors for adults were sexual and nonsexual contact with persons who had mpox, as well as risky sexual behavior. For children, risk factors were close contact with an mpox-positive person and prior animal exposure. Odds of being mpox positive were higher for adults with HIV and lower for those co-infected with varicella zoster virus (VZV). No children were HIV-seropositive; odds of being mpox positive were higher for children with VZV infection. Our findings indicate mpox affects primarily adults in Nigeria, partially driven by sexual activity; childhood cases were driven by close contact, animal exposure, and VZV co-infection.
EID | Ogoina D, Dalhat M, Denue B, Okowa M, Chika-Igwenyi N, Oiwoh S, et al. Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1799-1808. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240135 |
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AMA | Ogoina D, Dalhat M, Denue B, et al. Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1799-1808. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240135. |
APA | Ogoina, D., Dalhat, M., Denue, B., Okowa, M., Chika-Igwenyi, N., Oiwoh, S....Adeiza, M. (2024). Mpox Epidemiology and Risk Factors, Nigeria, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1799-1808. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240135. |
Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023
We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza rates in childcare centers and schools in Wuxi, China, collecting 1,760 environmental samples and 9,214 throat swabs from 593 students (regardless of symptoms) in weekly collections during February–June 2023. We estimated a cumulative infection rate of 124.8 (74 episodes)/1,000 persons for SARS-CoV-2 and 128.2 (76 episodes)/1,000 persons for influenza. The highest SARS-CoV-2 infection rate was in persons 18 years of age, and for influenza, in children 4 years of age. The asymptomatic proportion of SARS-CoV-2 was 59.6% and 66.7% for influenza; SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic proportion was lower in 16–18-year-olds than in 4–6-year-olds. Only samples from frequently touched surface tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (4/1,052) and influenza (1/1,052). We found asynchronous circulation patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, similar to trends in national sentinel surveillance. The results support vaccination among pediatric populations and other interventions, such as environmental disinfection in educational settings.
EID | Shi C, Zhang Y, Ye S, Zhou J, Zhu F, Gao Y, et al. Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1809-1818. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240065 |
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AMA | Shi C, Zhang Y, Ye S, et al. Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1809-1818. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240065. |
APA | Shi, C., Zhang, Y., Ye, S., Zhou, J., Zhu, F., Gao, Y....Wang, X. (2024). Infection Rates and Symptomatic Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza in Pediatric Population, China, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1809-1818. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240065. |
Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model
During 2018–2021, eight septic transfusion reactions occurred from transfusion of platelet units contaminated with Acinetobacter spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Leclercia adecarboxylata, or a combination of those environmental organisms. Whether biofilm formation contributed to evasion of bacterial risk mitigations, including bacterial culture, point-of-care testing, or pathogen-reduction technology, is unclear. We designed a 12-well plate-based method to evaluate environmental determinants of single-species and multispecies biofilm formation in platelets. We evaluated bacteria isolated from septic transfusion reactions for biofilm formation by using crystal violet staining and enumeration of adherent bacteria. Most combinations of bacteria had enhanced biofilm production compared with single bacteria. Combinations involving L. adecarboxylata had increased crystal violet biofilm production and adherent bacteria. This study demonstrates that transfusion-relevant bacteria can produce biofilms well together. More work is needed to clarify the effect of biofilms on platelet bacterial risk control strategies, but US Food and Drug Administration–recommended strategies remain acceptable.
EID | Hapip C, Fischer E, Feldman T, Brown BL. Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240372 |
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AMA | Hapip C, Fischer E, Feldman T, et al. Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1819-1828. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240372. |
APA | Hapip, C., Fischer, E., Feldman, T., & Brown, B. L. (2024). Formation of Single-Species and Multispecies Biofilm by Isolates from Septic Transfusion Reactions in Platelet Bag Model. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240372. |
Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy
The 2022 global mpox outbreak was driven by human-to-human transmission, but modes of transmission by sexual relationship versus sexual contact remain unclear. We evaluated sexual transmission of mpox by using monkeypox virus (MPXV) G2R-mRNA as a marker of ongoing viral replication through in vitro experiments. We analyzed clinical samples of 15 MPXV-positive patients in Italy from different biological regions by using the setup method. The presence of MPXV DNA, MPXV G2R-mRNA, or both in all analyzed lesion swab samples, independent of viral load, confirmed a higher infectivity risk from skin lesions. Positivity for MPXV G2R-mRNA in nasopharyngeal swabs was associated with high MPXV load, whereas positive results for MPXV G2R-mRNA were obtained only in the 2 semen samples with the lowest MPXV loads. Our results suggest that close or skin-to-skin contact during sexual intercourse is the main route of sexual transmission and that semen is a minor driver of infection, regardless of MPXV load.
EID | Sberna G, Rozera G, Minosse C, Bordi L, Mazzotta V, D’Abramo A, et al. Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1829-1833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240075 |
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AMA | Sberna G, Rozera G, Minosse C, et al. Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1829-1833. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240075. |
APA | Sberna, G., Rozera, G., Minosse, C., Bordi, L., Mazzotta, V., D’Abramo, A....Lalle, E. (2024). Role of Direct Sexual Contact in Human Transmission of Monkeypox Virus, Italy. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1829-1833. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240075. |
Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is a mosquitoborne virus that reemerged in December 2023 in Argentina and Uruguay, causing a major outbreak. We investigated the outbreak using epidemiologic, entomological, and genomic analyses, focusing on WEEV circulation near the Argentina‒Uruguay border in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. During November 2023‒April 2024, the outbreak in Argentina and Uruguay resulted in 217 human cases, 12 of which were fatal, and 2,548 equine cases. We determined cases on the basis of laboratory and clinical epidemiologic criteria. We characterized 3 fatal equine cases caused by a novel WEEV lineage identified through a nearly complete coding sequence analysis, which we propose as lineage C. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance and equine vaccination to control future WEEV outbreaks in South America.
EID | Campos A, Franco A, Godinho FM, Huff R, Candido DS, da Cruz Cardoso J, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1834-1840. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240530 |
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AMA | Campos A, Franco A, Godinho FM, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1834-1840. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240530. |
APA | Campos, A., Franco, A., Godinho, F. M., Huff, R., Candido, D. S., da Cruz Cardoso, J....Salvato, R. (2024). Molecular Epidemiology of Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, South America, 2023–2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1834-1840. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240530. |
Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019
Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) prevalence is a rising public health concern. We assessed the long-term healthcare systems perspective of costs incurred by 147 NTM-PD patients at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Median cumulative total medical cost in managing NTM-PD patients was US $5,044 (interquartile range US $3,586–$9,680) over 49.7 months (interquartile range 33.0–68.2 months) of follow-up. The major cost drivers were diagnostic testing and medication, accounting for 59.6% of total costs. Higher costs were associated with hospitalization for Mycobacterium abscessus infection and pulmonary comorbidities. Of the total medical care costs, 50.2% were patient co-payments resulting from limited national health insurance coverage. As South Korea faces significant problems of poverty during old age and increasing NTM-PD prevalence, the financial and socio-economic burden of NTM-PD may become a major public health concern that should be considered with regard to adequate strategies for NTM-PD patients.
EID | Chang S, Kim S, Kang YA, Park M, Sohn H, Park Y. Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231448 |
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AMA | Chang S, Kim S, Kang YA, et al. Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1841-1849. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231448. |
APA | Chang, S., Kim, S., Kang, Y. A., Park, M., Sohn, H., & Park, Y. (2024). Medical Costs of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease, South Korea, 2015–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1841-1849. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231448. |
Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil
Plague is a deadly zoonosis that still poses a threat in many regions of the world. We combined epidemiologic, host, and vector surveillance data collected during 1961–1980 from the Araripe Plateau focus in northeastern Brazil with ecologic, geoclimatic, and Yersinia pestis genomic information to elucidate how these factors interplay in plague activity. We identified well-delimited plague hotspots showing elevated plague risk in low-altitude areas near the foothills of the plateau’s concave sectors. Those locations exhibited distinct precipitation and vegetation coverage patterns compared with the surrounding areas. We noted a seasonal effect on plague activity, and human cases linearly correlated with precipitation and rodent and flea Y. pestis positivity rates. Genomic characterization of Y. pestis strains revealed a foundational strain capable of evolving into distinct genetic variants, each linked to temporally and spatially constrained plague outbreaks. These data could identify risk areas and improve surveillance in other plague foci within the Caatinga biome.
EID | Bezerra MF, Fernandes D, Rocha IV, Pitta J, Freitas N, Oliveira A, et al. Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1850-1864. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240468 |
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AMA | Bezerra MF, Fernandes D, Rocha IV, et al. Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1850-1864. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240468. |
APA | Bezerra, M. F., Fernandes, D., Rocha, I. V., Pitta, J., Freitas, N., Oliveira, A....Almeida, A. (2024). Ecologic, Geoclimatic, and Genomic Factors Modulating Plague Epidemics in Primary Natural Focus, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1850-1864. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240468. |
Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022
Formal infectious disease surveillance in Ukraine has been disrupted by Russia’s 2022 invasion, leading to challenges with tracking and containing epidemics. To analyze the effects of the war on infectious disease epidemiology, we used open-source data from EPIWATCH, an artificial intelligence early-warning system. We analyzed patterns of infectious diseases and syndromes before (November 1, 2021–February 23, 2022) and during (February 24–July 31, 2022) the conflict. We compared case numbers for the most frequently reported diseases with numbers from formal sources and found increases in overall infectious disease reports and in case numbers of cholera, botulism, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, rabies, and salmonellosis during compared with before the invasion. During the conflict, although open-source intelligence captured case numbers for epidemics, such data (except for diphtheria) were unavailable/underestimated by formal surveillance. In the absence of formal surveillance during military conflicts, open-source data provide epidemic intelligence useful for infectious disease control.
EID | Kannan A, Chen R, Akhtar Z, Sutton B, Quigley A, Morris MJ, et al. Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1865-1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240082 |
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AMA | Kannan A, Chen R, Akhtar Z, et al. Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1865-1871. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240082. |
APA | Kannan, A., Chen, R., Akhtar, Z., Sutton, B., Quigley, A., Morris, M. J....MacIntyre, C. (2024). Use of Open-Source Epidemic Intelligence for Infectious Disease Outbreaks, Ukraine, 2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1865-1871. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240082. |
Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is atypical in Sri Lanka because Leishmania donovani, which typically causes visceral disease, is the causative agent. The origins of recently described hybrids between L. donovani and other Leishmania spp. usually responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis remain unknown. Other endemic dermotropic Leishmania spp. have not been reported in Sri Lanka. Genome analysis of 27 clinical isolates from Sri Lanka and 32 Old World Leishmania spp. strains found 8 patient isolates clustered with L. tropica and 19 with L. donovani. The L. tropica isolates from Sri Lanka shared markers with strain LtK26 reported decades ago in India, indicating they were not products of recent interspecies hybridization. Because L. tropica was isolated from patients with leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, our findings indicate L. donovani is not the only cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka and potentially explains a haplotype that led to interspecies dermotropic L. donovani hybrids.
EID | Silva H, Ferreira TR, Muneeswaran K, Samarasinghe SR, Alves-Ferreira E, Grigg ME, et al. Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1872-1883. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231238 |
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AMA | Silva H, Ferreira TR, Muneeswaran K, et al. Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1872-1883. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231238. |
APA | Silva, H., Ferreira, T. R., Muneeswaran, K., Samarasinghe, S. R., Alves-Ferreira, E., Grigg, M. E....Karunaweera, N. D. (2024). Autochthonous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania tropica, Identified by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing, Sri Lanka. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1872-1883. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231238. |
Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021
Malaria is increasingly diagnosed in urban centers across the Amazon Basin. In this study, we combined repeated prevalence surveys over a 4-year period of a household-based random sample of 2,774 persons with parasite genotyping to investigate the epidemiology of malaria in Mâncio Lima, the main urban transmission hotspot in Amazonian Brazil. We found that most malarial infections were asymptomatic and undetected by point-of-care microscopy. Our findings indicate that as malaria transmission decreases, the detection threshold of microscopy rises, resulting in more missed infections despite similar parasite densities estimated by molecular methods. We identified genetically highly diverse populations of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in the region; occasional shared lineages between urban and rural residents suggest cross-boundary propagation. The prevalence of low-density and asymptomatic infections poses a significant challenge for routine surveillance and the effectiveness of malaria control and elimination strategies in urbanized areas with readily accessible laboratory facilities.
EID | Rodrigues PT, Johansen IC, Ladeia WA, Esquivel FD, Corder RM, Tonini J, et al. Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1884-1894. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240378 |
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AMA | Rodrigues PT, Johansen IC, Ladeia WA, et al. Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1884-1894. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240378. |
APA | Rodrigues, P. T., Johansen, I. C., Ladeia, W. A., Esquivel, F. D., Corder, R. M., Tonini, J....Ferreira, M. U. (2024). Lower Microscopy Sensitivity with Decreasing Malaria Prevalence in the Urban Amazon Region, Brazil, 2018–2021. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1884-1894. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240378. |
Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019
We assessed the effect of rotavirus vaccination coverage on the number of inpatients with gastroenteritis of all ages in Japan. We identified patients admitted with all-cause gastroenteritis during 2011–2019 using data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system in Japan. We used generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution, using hospital codes as a cluster variable to estimate the impact of rotavirus vaccination coverage by prefecture on monthly numbers of inpatients with all-cause gastroenteritis. We analyzed 294,108 hospitalizations across 569 hospitals. Higher rotavirus vaccination coverage was associated with reduced gastroenteritis hospitalizations compared with the reference category of vaccination coverage <40% (e.g., for coverage >80%, adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.87 [95% CI 0.83–0.90]). Our results show that achieving higher rotavirus vaccination coverage among infants could benefit the entire population by reducing overall hospitalizations for gastroenteritis for all age groups.
EID | Kishimoto K, Kunisawa S, Fushimi K, Imanaka Y. Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1895-1902. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240259 |
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AMA | Kishimoto K, Kunisawa S, Fushimi K, et al. Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1895-1902. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240259. |
APA | Kishimoto, K., Kunisawa, S., Fushimi, K., & Imanaka, Y. (2024). Effects of Rotavirus Vaccination Coverage among Infants on Hospital Admission for Gastroenteritis across All Age Groups, Japan, 2011–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1895-1902. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240259. |
Dispatches
Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023
Since 2022, Europe has had 4 cases of extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, sequence type 16406, that is resistant to ceftriaxone and highly resistant to azithromycin. We report 2 new cases from France in 2023 involving strains genetically related to the 4 cases from Europe as well as isolates from Cambodia.
EID | Caméléna F, Mérimèche M, Brousseau J, Mainardis M, Verger P, Le Risbé C, et al. Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1903-1906. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240557 |
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AMA | Caméléna F, Mérimèche M, Brousseau J, et al. Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1903-1906. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240557. |
APA | Caméléna, F., Mérimèche, M., Brousseau, J., Mainardis, M., Verger, P., Le Risbé, C....Berçot, B. (2024). Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, France, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1903-1906. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240557. |
Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland
An outbreak of influenza A (H5N1) virus was detected in dairy cows in the United States. We detected influenza A virus sialic acid -α2,3/α2,6-galactose host receptors in bovine mammary glands by lectin histochemistry. Our results provide a rationale for the high levels of H5N1 virus in milk from infected cows.
EID | Kristensen C, Jensen HE, Trebbien R, Webby RJ, Larsen LE. Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1907-1911. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240696 |
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AMA | Kristensen C, Jensen HE, Trebbien R, et al. Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1907-1911. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240696. |
APA | Kristensen, C., Jensen, H. E., Trebbien, R., Webby, R. J., & Larsen, L. E. (2024). Avian and Human Influenza A Virus Receptors in Bovine Mammary Gland. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1907-1911. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240696. |
Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan
We isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N5 and H5N1 viruses from crows in Hokkaido, Japan, during winter 2023–24. They shared genetic similarity with HPAI H5N5 viruses from northern Europe but differed from those in Asia. Continuous monitoring and rapid information sharing between countries are needed to prevent HPAI virus transmission.
EID | Hew Y, Hiono T, Monne I, Nabeshima K, Sakuma S, Kumagai A, et al. Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1912-1917. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240356 |
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AMA | Hew Y, Hiono T, Monne I, et al. Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1912-1917. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240356. |
APA | Hew, Y., Hiono, T., Monne, I., Nabeshima, K., Sakuma, S., Kumagai, A....Sakoda, Y. (2024). Cocirculation of Genetically Distinct Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N5 and H5N1 Viruses in Crows, Hokkaido, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1912-1917. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240356. |
Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia
Alphavirus infections are transmitted by mosquitoes, but the mode of transmission for Mycobacterium ulcerans, which causes Buruli ulcer, is contested. Using notification data for Victoria, Australia, during 2017–2022, adjusted for incubation period, we show close alignment between alphavirus and Buruli ulcer seasons, supporting the hypothesis of mosquito transmission of M. ulcerans.
EID | Buultjens AH, Tay E, Yuen A, Friedman N, Stinear TP, Johnson P. Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1918-1921. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231073 |
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AMA | Buultjens AH, Tay E, Yuen A, et al. Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1918-1921. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231073. |
APA | Buultjens, A. H., Tay, E., Yuen, A., Friedman, N., Stinear, T. P., & Johnson, P. (2024). Mosquitoes as Vectors of Mycobacterium ulcerans Based on Analysis of Notifications of Alphavirus Infection and Buruli Ulcer, Victoria, Australia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1918-1921. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231073. |
Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023
We investigated a fatal case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis from an indoor surfing center in Taiwan. The case was detected through encephalitis syndromic surveillance. Of 56 environmental specimens, 1 was positive for Naegleria fowleri ameba. This report emphasizes the risk for N. fowleri infection from inadequately disinfected recreational waters, even indoors.
EID | Wei H, Lai Y, Li S, Lee Y, Hu M, Ji D, et al. Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1922-1925. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231604 |
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AMA | Wei H, Lai Y, Li S, et al. Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1922-1925. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231604. |
APA | Wei, H., Lai, Y., Li, S., Lee, Y., Hu, M., Ji, D....Su, C. (2024). Fatal Case of Naegleria fowleri Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis from Indoor Surfing Center, Taiwan, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1922-1925. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231604. |
Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019
We used Medicare data to identify >88,000 adults >65 years of age diagnosed and treated for Lyme disease during 2016–2019 in the United States. Most diagnoses occurred among residents of high-incidence states, in summer, and among men. Incidence of diagnoses was substantially higher than that reported through public health surveillance.
EID | Schwartz AM, Nelson CA, Hinckley AF. Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1926-1929. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240454 |
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AMA | Schwartz AM, Nelson CA, Hinckley AF. Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1926-1929. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240454. |
APA | Schwartz, A. M., Nelson, C. A., & Hinckley, A. F. (2024). Epidemiology of Lyme Disease Diagnoses among Older Adults, United States, 2016–2019. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1926-1929. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240454. |
Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022
Mansonella ozzardi, a filarioid parasite, causes human mansonellosis in the Americas. We identified raccoons (Procyon lotor) as wildlife reservoirs of M. ozzardi in Costa Rica. Noting the sympatry of free-ranging raccoons and humans, we conclude that mansonellosis is a considerable public health risk in the region.
EID | Quesada J, Alfaro-Segura P, Solano-Barquero A, Vega K, Rojas-Sánchez E, Jiménez M, et al. Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1930-1933. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231415 |
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AMA | Quesada J, Alfaro-Segura P, Solano-Barquero A, et al. Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1930-1933. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231415. |
APA | Quesada, J., Alfaro-Segura, P., Solano-Barquero, A., Vega, K., Rojas-Sánchez, E., Jiménez, M....Rojas, A. (2024). Zoonotic Mansonella ozzardi in Raccoons, Costa Rica, 2019–2022. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1930-1933. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231415. |
Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands
Severe babesiosis with 9.8% parasitemia was diagnosed in a patient in the Netherlands who had previously undergone splenectomy. We confirmed Babesia venatorum using PCR and sequencing. B. venatorum was also the most prevalent species in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected around the patient’s home. Our findings warrant awareness for severe babesiosis in similar patients.
EID | Spoorenberg N, Köhler CF, Vermeulen E, Jurriaans S, Cornelissen M, Persson K, et al. Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1934-1938. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240556 |
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AMA | Spoorenberg N, Köhler CF, Vermeulen E, et al. Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1934-1938. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240556. |
APA | Spoorenberg, N., Köhler, C. F., Vermeulen, E., Jurriaans, S., Cornelissen, M., Persson, K....Zonneveld, R. (2024). Autochthonous Human Babesiosis Caused by Babesia venatorum, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1934-1938. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240556. |
Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024
Using participatory, virologic, and wastewater surveillance systems, we estimated when and to what extent reported data of adult COVID-19 cases underestimated COVID-19 incidence in Germany. We also examined how case underestimation evolved over time. Our findings highlight how community-based surveillance systems can complement official notification systems for respiratory disease dynamics.
EID | Loenenbach A, Lehfeld A, Puetz P, Biere B, Abunijela S, Buda S, et al. Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1939-1943. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240640 |
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AMA | Loenenbach A, Lehfeld A, Puetz P, et al. Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1939-1943. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240640. |
APA | Loenenbach, A., Lehfeld, A., Puetz, P., Biere, B., Abunijela, S., Buda, S....Buchholz, U. (2024). Participatory, Virologic, and Wastewater Surveillance Data to Assess Underestimation of COVID-19 Incidence, Germany, 2020–2024. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1939-1943. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240640. |
Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya
We identified a cluster of mpox exposures among key populations in Kenya through retrospective serologic screening. We identified strong seropositivity among sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. These findings demonstrate the need for increased mpox surveillance among mpox-endemic and mpox-endemic–adjacent regions in Africa.
EID | Loeb K, Milner KA, Lemaille C, Martens B, Stein D, Lajoie J, et al. Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1944-1947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240510 |
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AMA | Loeb K, Milner KA, Lemaille C, et al. Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1944-1947. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240510. |
APA | Loeb, K., Milner, K. A., Lemaille, C., Martens, B., Stein, D., Lajoie, J....Kindrachuk, J. (2024). Retrospective Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus Antibodies among Key Populations, Kenya. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1944-1947. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240510. |
Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is an opportunistic infection that affects HIV-infected and immunocompromised persons and rarely affects immunocompetent patients. However, after the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients without immunocompromise or HIV were infected with P. jirovecii. Clinical manifestations were atypical, easily misdiagnosed, and rapidly progressive, and the prognosis was poor.
EID | Yu S, Yang T. Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1948-1952. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240615 |
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AMA | Yu S, Yang T. Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1948-1952. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240615. |
APA | Yu, S., & Yang, T. (2024). Non-HIV Immunocompetent Patient with COVID-19 and Severe Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia Co-Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1948-1952. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240615. |
Photo Quizzes
Photo Quiz
EID | Cucu A, Perciaccante A, Bianucci R. Photo Quiz. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1953-1956. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231591 |
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AMA | Cucu A, Perciaccante A, Bianucci R. Photo Quiz. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1953-1956. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231591. |
APA | Cucu, A., Perciaccante, A., & Bianucci, R. (2024). Photo Quiz. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1953-1956. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231591. |
Research Letters
Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023
The clinical manifestation of leishmaniasis has historically been determined by the Leishmania species involved. However, recent emergence of novel Leishmania lineages has caused atypical pathologies. We isolated and characterized 2 new Leishmania donovani parasites causing cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India.
EID | Lypaczewski P, Chauhan Y, Paulini K, Thakur L, Chauhan S, Roy E, et al. Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1957-1959. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231595 |
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AMA | Lypaczewski P, Chauhan Y, Paulini K, et al. Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1957-1959. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231595. |
APA | Lypaczewski, P., Chauhan, Y., Paulini, K., Thakur, L., Chauhan, S., Roy, E....Jain, M. (2024). Emerging Leishmania donovani Lineages Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1957-1959. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231595. |
Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada
A case of Powassan encephalitis occurred in Manitoba, Canada, after the bite of a black-legged tick. Awareness of this emerging tickborne illness is needed because the number of vector tick species is growing. No specific treatment options exist, and cases with illness and death are high. Prevention is crucial.
EID | Smith N, Keynan Y, Wuerz T, Sharma A. Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1959-1961. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231344 |
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AMA | Smith N, Keynan Y, Wuerz T, et al. Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1959-1961. doi:10.3201/eid3009.231344. |
APA | Smith, N., Keynan, Y., Wuerz, T., & Sharma, A. (2024). Powassan Virus Encephalitis after Tick Bite, Manitoba, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1959-1961. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.231344. |
Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023
We identified a Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in an American black bear in Pennsylvania, USA, on the basis of its morphological features and molecular analysis. Our finding highlights emergence of a T. callipaeda worm sylvatic transmission cycle in the United States.
EID | Sobotyk C, Dietrich J, Verocai GG, Maxwell L, Niedringhaus K. Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1961-1964. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240679 |
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AMA | Sobotyk C, Dietrich J, Verocai GG, et al. Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1961-1964. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240679. |
APA | Sobotyk, C., Dietrich, J., Verocai, G. G., Maxwell, L., & Niedringhaus, K. (2024). Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworms in American Black Bear, Pennsylvania, USA, 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1961-1964. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240679. |
Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste
We report a case of Taenia solium taeniasis in a 10-year-old child in Timor-Leste, confirmed by molecular analysis, suggesting T. solium transmission to humans is occurring in Timor-Leste. Proactive measures are needed to improve public understanding of prevalence, geographic spread, and health implications of human taeniasis and cysticercosis in Timor-Leste.
EID | Jin H, Hong S, Monteiro M, da Silva E, da Silva Viegas O, dos Santos Lopes F, et al. Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1964-1967. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240238 |
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AMA | Jin H, Hong S, Monteiro M, et al. Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1964-1967. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240238. |
APA | Jin, H., Hong, S., Monteiro, M., da Silva, E., da Silva Viegas, O., dos Santos Lopes, F....Kim, S. (2024). Molecular Confirmation of Taenia solium Taeniasis in Child, Timor-Leste. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1964-1967. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240238. |
Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles
On the basis of historical influenza and COVID-19 forecasts, we found that more than 3 forecast models are needed to ensure robust ensemble accuracy. Additional models can improve ensemble performance, but with diminishing accuracy returns. This understanding will assist with the design of current and future collaborative infectious disease forecasting efforts.
EID | Fox SJ, Kim M, Meyers L, Reich NG, Ray EL. Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1967-1969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240026 |
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AMA | Fox SJ, Kim M, Meyers L, et al. Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1967-1969. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240026. |
APA | Fox, S. J., Kim, M., Meyers, L., Reich, N. G., & Ray, E. L. (2024). Optimizing Disease Outbreak Forecast Ensembles. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1967-1969. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240026. |
Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil
Disseminated leishmaniasis is an emerging clinical form of Leishmania braziliensis infection. Evidence shows that co-infection by L. braziliensis and intestinal helminths does not affect clinical manifestations or response to therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. We evaluated whether co-infection was associated with those aspects in disseminated leishmaniasis patients in Brazil.
EID | Page B, Lago A, Carvalho EM. Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1970-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240419 |
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AMA | Page B, Lago A, Carvalho EM. Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1970-1972. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240419. |
APA | Page, B., Lago, A., & Carvalho, E. M. (2024). Association of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Disseminated Leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1970-1972. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240419. |
Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary
We report a case of autochthonous human babesiosis in Hungary, confirmed by PCR and partial sequencing of the Babesia spp. 18S rRNA gene. Babesiosis should be considered during the differential diagnosis of febrile illnesses, and peripheral blood smears to detect Babesia spp. should be part of the routine clinical workup.
EID | Sipos D, Kappéter Á, Réger B, Kiss G, Takács N, Farkas R, et al. Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1972-1974. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240525 |
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AMA | Sipos D, Kappéter Á, Réger B, et al. Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1972-1974. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240525. |
APA | Sipos, D., Kappéter, Á., Réger, B., Kiss, G., Takács, N., Farkas, R....Péterfi, Z. (2024). Confirmed Case of Autochthonous Human Babesiosis, Hungary. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1972-1974. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240525. |
SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom
During 2020–2022, players and staff in the English Premier League in the United Kingdom were tested regularly for SARS-CoV-2 with the aim of creating a biosecure bubble for each team. We found that prevalence and reinfection estimates were consistent with those from other studies and with community infection trends.
EID | Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Hellewell J, Funk S, Steele A, Edmunds W, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1975-1977. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240853 |
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AMA | Kucharski AJ, Russell TW, Hellewell J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1975-1977. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240853. |
APA | Kucharski, A. J., Russell, T. W., Hellewell, J., Funk, S., Steele, A., Edmunds, W....Gillett, M. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Dynamics in the Premier League Testing Program, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1975-1977. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240853. |
EIN Research Letter
Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States
Antifungal-resistant dermatophyte infections have recently emerged as a global public health concern. A survey of US infectious diseases specialists found that only 65% had heard of this issue and just 39% knew how to obtain testing to determine resistance. Increased clinician awareness and access to testing for antifungal-resistant dermatophytosis are needed.
EID | Gold J, Benedict K, Lockhart SR, Lutfy C, Lyman M, Smith DJ, et al. Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1978-1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240118 |
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AMA | Gold J, Benedict K, Lockhart SR, et al. Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1978-1980. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240118. |
APA | Gold, J., Benedict, K., Lockhart, S. R., Lutfy, C., Lyman, M., Smith, D. J....Beekmann, S. E. (2024). Recognition of Antifungal-Resistant Dermatophytosis by Infectious Diseases Specialists, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1978-1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240118. |
In Memoriam
In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024)
EID | Breedlove B, Segal B. In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024). Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1981. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240736 |
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AMA | Breedlove B, Segal B. In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1981. doi:10.3201/eid3009.240736. |
APA | Breedlove, B., & Segal, B. (2024). In Memoriam: Thomas J. Gryczan (1949–2024). Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1981. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.240736. |
Corrections
Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5
EID | Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c23009 |
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AMA | Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1980. doi:10.3201/eid3009.c23009. |
APA | (2024). Correction: Vol. 30, No. 5. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c23009. |
Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8
EID | Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c13009 |
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AMA | Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1980. doi:10.3201/eid3009.c13009. |
APA | (2024). Correction: Vol. 30, No. 8. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1980. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.c13009. |
About the Cover
Views Most Would Never See
EID | Breedlove B. Views Most Would Never See. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(9):1982-1983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.ac3009 |
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AMA | Breedlove B. Views Most Would Never See. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2024;30(9):1982-1983. doi:10.3201/eid3009.ac3009. |
APA | Breedlove, B. (2024). Views Most Would Never See. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 30(9), 1982-1983. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3009.ac3009. |