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Nation of Nations
A Narrative History of the American Republic
Fifth Edition
James West Davidson William E. Gienapp
Harvard University
Mark H. Lytle
Bard College
Michael B. Stoff
University of Texas, Austin
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogot Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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NATION OF NATIONS: A NARRATIVE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright 2005, 2001, 1998, 1994, 1990 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 ISBN 0072870982 Vice president and editor-in-chief: Emily Barrosse Publisher: Lyn Uhl Sponsoring editor: Steven Drummond Development editor: Kristen Mellitt Marketing manager: Katherine Bates Senior Media Producer: Sean Crowley Production editor: Holly Paulsen Manuscript editor: Joan Pendleton Art director: Jeanne M. Schreiber Design manager: Gino Cieslik Cover designer: Gino Cieslik Interior designer: Maureen McCutcheon Art manager: Robin Mouat Art editors: Cristin Yancy and Emma Ghiselli Photo research coordinator: Nora Agbayani Photo researcher: Deborah Bull and Deborah Anderson, PhotoSearch, Inc. Illustrators: Patty Isaacs Production supervisor: Rich Devitto
The text was set in 10/12 Berkeley Medium by The GTS Companies, York, PA Campus, and printed on acid-free 45# Publishers Matte Thin Bulk by R.R. Donnelley, Willard. Cover images: (left to right) Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division [reproduction number LC-USZ62-15887]; Austrian Archives/Corbis; Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Edward S. Curtis Collection [reproduction number LC-USZC4-8819] The credits for this book begin on page C-1, a continuation of the copyright page. Text Permissions: Page 268 From Charles A. Johnson, Frontier Camp Meeting, copyright 1955, 1985 SMU Press. Reprinted with permission. 813 From Charles P Kindleberg, The World in Depression, 19291939 (revised ed., 1986), p. 170. Copyright 1986 The Regents of the University . of California. Reprinted by permission from University of California Press. 947, 1063 From Frank Levy, Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution. 1987 Russell Sage Foundation. Used with permission of the Russell Sage Foundation. Reprinted with permission. 1063 (verse) From I Am Changing My Name to Chrysler, by Tom Paxton. Copyright 1980 Pax Music. All rights reserved. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nation of nations : a narrative history of the American republic / James West Davidson ... [et al.]. 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0072870982 ISBN 0072870990 (v. 1 : pbk. : acid-free paper) ISBN 0072871008 (v. 2 : pbk. : acid-free paper) 1. United StatesHistoryTextbooks. I. Davidson, James West. E178.1.N346 973dc22 2004 2004052436
www.mhhe.com
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William E. Gienapp
19442003
Inevitably, contingency brings grief as well as joy. We are saddened to report the passing of our dear friend and co-author, William E. Gienapp. It would be hard to imagine a colleague with greater dedication to his work, nor one who cared more about conveying both the excitement and the rigor of history to those who were not professional historiansas has been attested by so many of his students at the University of Wyoming and at Harvard. Bill had a quiet manner, which sometimes hid (though not for long) his puckish sense of humor and an unstinting generosity. When news of his death was reported, the Harvard Crimson, a student newspaper known more for its skepticism than its sentimentality, led with the front-page headline: Beloved History Professor Gienapp Dies. Bill went the extra mile, whether in searching out primary sources enabling us to assemble a map on the environmental effects of the Lowell Mills, combing innumerable manuscript troves in the preparation of his masterful Origins of the Republican Party, or collecting vintage baseball caps from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to wear (in proper chronological sequence, no less) to his popular course on the social history of baseball. When an illness no one could have predicted struck him down, the profession lost one of its shining examples. His fellow authors miss him dearly.
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contents
List of Maps and Charts xix Preface to the Fifth Edition xxi Introduction xxx Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM xxxii
Part One
The Creation of a New America 21
Chapter 1
Old World, New Worlds (14001600) 26
Prologue
Settling and Civilizing the Americas 2
iv
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Contents
Chapter Summary 50 Interactive Learning Additional Reading Signicant Events 50 50 51
v
84
The Puritan Movement 85 The Pilgrim Settlement at Plymouth Colony 86 The Puritan Settlement at Massachusetts Bay 87
89
Chapter 2
The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial South (16001750) 52
Stability and Order in Early New England 89 Congregational Church Order 91 Colonial Governments 92 Communities in Conict 92 Heretics 93 Goodwives and Witches 95 Whites and Indians in Early New England 97 Effect of Old World diseases 98
98
The Mercantilist Impulse 55 The Virginia Company 55 Reform and a Boom in Tobacco 56 Settling Down in the Chesapeake 58 The Founding of Maryland and the Renewal of Indian Wars 59 Changes in English Policy in the Chesapeake 59
The Founding of New Netherlands 98 English Rule in New York 99 The League of the Iroquois 100 The Founding of New Jersey 101 Quaker Odysseys 101 Patterns of Settlement 102 Quakers and Politics 103
61
61
The Conditions of Unrest 61 Bacons Rebellion and Coodes Rebellion From Servitude to Slavery 62 Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade 63 A Changing Chesapeake Society 66 The Chesapeake Gentry 67
68
Chapter 4
The Mosaic of Eighteenth-Century America (16891771) 110
76
112
72
Immigration and Natural Increase 112 The Settlement of the Backcountry 113 Social Conict on the Frontier 116 Boundary Disputes and Tenant Wars 117 Eighteenth-Century Seaports 119 Social Conict in Seaports 121
Chapter 3
The First Century of Settlement in the Colonial North (16001700) 82
122
Preview
82
The Slave Family and Community 123 Slavery and Colonial Society in French Louisiana 124 Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century British North America 125
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Contents
Enlightenment and Awakening in America 126
The Enlightenment in America 126 The First Great Awakening 127 The Aftermath of the Great Awakening 128 Chapter Summary 168 Interactive Learning 168 Additional Reading 168 Signicant Events 169 Daily Lives: Street Theater 158
Chapter 6
The American People and the American Revolution (17751783) 170
Part Two
The Creation of a New Republic 139
Chapter 5
Toward the War for American Independence (17541776) 144
Chapter 7
Crisis and Constitution (17761789) 196
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Contents
The Temptations of Peace 200
The Temptations of the West 200 Foreign Intrigues 200 Disputes among the States 202 The More Democratic West 203 The Northwest Territory 204 Slavery and Sectionalism 206 Wartime Economic Disruption 207
vii
Chapter 9
The Jeffersonian Republic (18011824) 256
Chapter 8
The Republic Launched (17891801) 228
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Contents
The Embargo 276 Madison and the Young Republicans 277 The Decision for War 277 National Unpreparedness 278 A Chance Such as Will Never Occur Again 278 The British Invasion 279 The Hartford Convention 281
Part Three
The Republic Transformed and Tested 293
Chapter 11
The Rise of Democracy (18241840) 330
Chapter 10
The Opening of America (18151850) 298
337
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Contents
The Nullication Crisis 348
The Growing Crisis in South Carolina 348 Calhouns Theory of Nullication 349 The Nulliers Nullied 350 Educational Reform 379 The Asylum Movement 379
ix
Abolitionism 380
The Beginnings of the Abolitionist Movement 381 The Spread of Abolitionism 382 Opponents and Divisions 384 The Womens Rights Movement 385 The Schism of 1840 385
Chapter 13
The Old South (18201860) 392
Chapter 12
The Fires of Perfection (18201850) 362
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x
Chapter Summary 421 Interactive Learning 422 Additional Reading 422 Signicant Events 423
Contents
Chapter 15
The Union Broken (18501861) 456
Chapter 14
Western Expansion and the Rise of the Slavery Issue (18201850) 424
Chapter 16
Total War and the Republic (18611865) 486
Emancipation 495
The Logic of Events 496
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Contents
The Emancipation Proclamation 496 African Americans Civil War 497 Black Soldiers 498 The Fourteenth Amendment 536 The Elections of 1866 537
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Part Four
The United States in an Industrial Age 561
Chapter 17
Reconstructing the Union (18651877) 530
Chapter 18
The New South and the TransMississippi West (18701896) 566
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Contents
Life in the New South 573
Rural Life 574 The Church 574 Segregation 576 Finance Capital 618 The Corporation 618 An International Pool of Labor 619
Chapter 2 0
The Rise of an Urban Order (18701900) 642
Chapter 19
The New Industrial Order (18701900) 610
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Contents
City Life 654
The Immigrant in the City 654 Urban Middle-Class Life 657 Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue 657 Challenges to Convention 659 From Colonial War to Colonial Rule 702 An Open Door in China 703 Chapter Summary 704 Interactive Learning 705 Additional Reading 705 Signicant Events 706 Daily Lives: The New Navy 692
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Chapter 22
The Progressive Era (18901920) 712
Chapter 2 1
The Political System under Strain (18771900) 670
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Interactive Learning 741 Additional Reading 741 Signicant Events 742
Contents
The Roaring Economy 786
Technology and Consumer Spending 786 The Booming Construction Industry 787 The Automobile 787 The Business of America 790 Welfare Capitalism 790 The Consumer Culture 791
Chapter 23
The United States and the Old World Order (19011920) 744
Chapter 2 5
The Great Depression and the New Deal (19291939) 818
Part Five
The Perils of Democracy 779
Chapter 24
The New Era (19201929) 784
Preview 784
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Contents
The Early New Deal (19331935) 831 Those Who Fought 875
xv
The Democratic Roosevelts 831 Saving the Banks 832 Relief for the Unemployed 833 Planning for Industrial Recovery 834 Planning for Agriculture 836 Recovery in Global Perspective 837
War Production
877
838
Finding an Industrial Czar 878 Science Goes to War 879 War Work and Prosperity 880 Organized Labor 881 Women Workers 881 Global Labor Migrations 882
A Question of Rights
883
Little Italy 883 Concentration Camps 884 Minorities on the Job 886 At War with Jim Crow 887 The New Deal in Retreat 888
851
855
Chapter 2 6
Americas Rise to Globalism (19271945) 860
862
Part Six
The United States in a Nuclear Age 907
Chapter 27
Cold War America (19451954) 912
A Global War
870
Strategies for War 870 Gloomy Prospects 872 A Grand Alliance 873 The Naval War in the Pacic 873 Turning Points in Europe 874
913
915
Cracks in the Alliance 914 The View from West and East Toward Containment 915 The Truman Doctrine 916
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Contents
The Marshall Plan 917 The Fall of Eastern Europe 917 The Atomic Shield versus the Iron Curtain 918 Atomic Deterrence 920 Brinkmanship in Asia 959 The Covert Side of the New Look 961 Rising Nationalism 962 The Response to Sputnik 964 Thaws and Freezes 964
Chapter 2 9
Civil Rights and the Crisis of Liberalism (19471969) 976
Chapter 2 8
The Suburban Era (19451963) 942
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Contents
Chapter Summary 1005 Interactive Learning 1006 Additional Reading 1006 Signicant Events 1007 Daily Lives: The Politics of Dress 1002
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Chapter 3 0
The Vietnam Era (19631975) 1008
Chapter 32
The Conservative Challenge (19801992) 1074
Chapter 3 1
The Age of Limits (19651980) 1042
The conservative tide worldwide 1076 Born Again 1077 The Catholic Conscience 1078 The Media as Battleground 1078 The Election of 1980 1079
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Contents
The Reagan Agenda 1081 The Reagan Revolution in Practice 1082 The Supply-Side Scorecard 1082 The Military Buildup 1084
Epilogue
Fighting Terrorism in a Global Age (20002003) 1136
Chapter 33
Nation of Nations in a Global Community (19802000) 1102
Appendix A-1
The Declaration of Independence A-1 The Constitution of the United States of America A-4 Presidential Elections A-14 Presidential Administrations A-18 Justices of the Supreme Court A-30 A Social Prole of the American Republic A-32
Credits C-1 Index I-1
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Spending on Education in the South before and after Disfranchisement 578 Natural Environment of the West 581 The Indian Frontier 584 The Mining and Cattle Frontiers 591 Steel Production, 1880 and 1914 614 Occupational Distribution, 1880 and 1920 619 Railroads, 18701890 623 Boom and Bust Business Cycle, 18651900 630 Immigration and Population, 18601920 645 Growth of New Orleans to 1900 648 The Voting Public, 18601912 672 Election of 1896 687 Balance of U.S. Imports and Exports, 18701910 689 Imperialist Expansion, 1900 691 The Spanish-American War 700 The United States in the Pacic 701 Woman Suffrage 721 Election of 1912 736 Panama CanalOld and New Transoceanic Routes 746 American Interventions in the Caribbean, 18981930 749 The Course of War in Europe, 19141917 754 Election of 1916 757 The Final German Offensive and Allied Counterattack, 1918 764 Spread of Inuenza Pandemic: Second Stage, Autumn 1918 768 Areas of Population Growth 801 Election of 1928 811 Declining World Trade, 19291933 813 Election of 1932 830 Unemployment Relief, 1934 834 The Tennessee Valley Authority 835 Unemployment, 19251945 840 Federal Budget and Surplus/Decit, 19201940 854 What the New Deal Did . . . 856
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ll good history begins with a good story: that has been the touchstone of Nation of Nations. Narrative is embedded in the way we understand the past; hence it will not do simply to compile an encyclopedia of American history and pass it off as a survey. Yet the narrative keeps changing. A world that has become suddenly and dangerously smaller requires, more than ever, a history that is broader. That conviction has driven our revision for the fth edition of Nation of Nations. The events following on the heels of September 11, 2001, have underlined the call historians have made over the past decade to view American history within a global context. From its rst edition, published in 1990, Nation of Nations has taken such an approach, with global essays opening each of the books six parts to establish an international framework and a global timeline correlating events nationally and worldwide. In the fourth edition, we added global focus sections within chapter narratives and a nal chapter (Nation of Nations in a Global Community) highlighting the ties of the United States to the rest of the world.
Information comparing debt peonage in the New South with similar circumstances in India, Egypt, and Brazil in Chapter 18 A section on worldwide recovery from the Great Depression in Chapter 25 A map on the global spread of the inuenza pandemic in autumn 1918 in Chapter 23 More on global labor migrations in Chapter 26 A section about Vatican II and American Catholics in Chapter 29 Other important content and pedagogical changes include Two new After the Fact essays exploring cultural history topics that have received recent scholarly attention. The new essay in Part Two focuses on Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson, and the new essay in Part Four, Engendering the SpanishAmerican War, looks at contemporary constructions of gender as the United States went to war with Spain in 1898. Updates to Chapter 33, including a new section and map on the election of 2000 and material on recent court cases regarding afrmative action. To conclude the book, a new epilogue, Fighting Terrorism in a Global Age, which includes a chart showing terrorist incidents by region and a map on the war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq. The addition of date ranges to chapter titles, to provide students with more guidance as to the chronology of events. An Interactive Learning section at the end of every chapter, directing students to relevant materials on the Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM. xxi
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In addition to the Additional Readings feature at the end of each chapter, a full bibliography for the book can be found at www.mhhe.com/ davidsonnation5.
Acknowledgments
Wayne Ackerson Salisbury State University Robert Alderson Georgia Perimeter College
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which Americans nally faced the reality that even the boldest dreams of national greatness are bounded by the nite nature of power and resources both natural and human. Finally, because the need to specialize inevitably imposes limits on any project as broad as this one, our fth author, James Davidson, served as a general editor and writer, with the intent of tting individual parts to the whole as well as providing a measure of continuity, style, and overarching purpose. In producing this collaborative effort, all of us have shared the conviction that the best history speaks to a larger audience.
James West Davidson William E. Gienapp Christine Leigh Heyrman Mark H. Lytle Michael B. Stoff
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Global Essay
Each of the books six parts begins with an essay that sets American events into a global context.
Global Timeline
Each global essay includes a timeline comparing political and social events in the United States with developments elsewhere.
PA R T
GLOBAL EVENTS
Luther launches Bubonic plague reaches Europe; Protestant Reformation population of 50 million drops 1517 30 to 40 percent by 1400 13471500 Vasco da Gama reaches India 14981500 Dutch East India Company founded 1602 Restoration of English monarchy; Charles II ascends throne 1660 Outbreak of English Civil War 1642
ONE
GLOBAL EVENTS
Isaac Newtons Principia Mathematica , on gravitation, published 1687 War of the Austrian Succession 17401748 Glorious Revolution in England; constitutional monarchy of William III and Mary 1688 War of the John and Charles Wesley War of the Spanish begin preaching League of Succession Methodism in England Augsburg 17021713 1738 1689-1697
Mongols begin 60-year conquest of China 1215 Marco Polo travels to China from Venice 12711295
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1625
1650
1675
1700
1725
1750
Columbus reaches America Formation of the Iroquois League 1492 late 1400s European diseases waste central Mexico; population of ca. 25 million drops 90 to 95 percent by 1600 1520s Corts conquers Aztec empire 1521 Silver boom in Mexico, Bolivia 1550s
Sugar boom in Caribbean 1640s Pilgrims land at Plymouth 1620 Santa Fe founded 1610 Jamestown established 1607
Chesapeake labor system depends increasingly on black slavery Rice boom in South Carolina 1680s 1700s La Salle follows the Mississippi 1682 Glorious Revolution in America 16881691 King Williams War 16891697
Queen Annes War 17021713 The Great Awakening 1730s1750s King Georges War 17401748 Benjamin Franklin founds the American Philosophical Society 1743
AMERICAN EVENTS
AMERICAN EVENTS
the late twentieth century but with the fresh eyes of an earlier era. Then the foregone conclusions vanish. How does the American nation manage to unite millions of square miles of territory into one governable republic? How do New York and San Francisco (a city not even in existence in Lewis and Clarks day) come to be linked in a complex economy as well as in a single political system? Such questions take on even more signicance when we recall that Europeroughly the same size as the United Statesis today still divided into more than four dozen independent nations speaking some 33 languages, not to mention another 100 or so spoken within the former Soviet Union. A united Europe has not 22
emerged and, indeed, seems even farther away after the momentous breakup of the Soviet empire.
How, then, did this American republicthis teeming nation of nations, to use Walt Whitmans
phrasecome to be? In barest outline, that is the question that drives our narrative across half a millennium. The problem looms even larger as we move toward the beginning of our story. In 1450, about the time Christopher Columbus was born, Europeans were only beginning to expand westward. To be sure, Scandinavian seafarers led by Leif Ericsson had reached the northern reaches of the Americas, planting a settlement in Newfoundland around 1000 C.E. But news of Vinland, as Leif called his colony, never reached most of Europe. The site was soon abandoned and forgotten. In Columbuss day localism still held sway. Italy was divided into ve major states and an equal number of smaller
Chapter 1
territories. The Germanic peoSeine River, greedy tollkeepers ples were united loosely in the lay in wait every six or seven Holy Roman Empire. French miles. Travel across the Mediterkings ruled over only about half ranean Sea and along Europes of what is now France. Spain was northern coastlines was possible, divided into several kingdoms, but storms and pirates made the with some areas held by Chrisgoing dangerous and slow. Under tians and others by Islamic good conditions a ship might Moors, whose forebears came reach London from Venice in from Africa. England, a cononly 9 days; under bad it might tentious little nation, was begintake 50. ning a series of bitter civil conEuropean peoples at this time icts among the nobility, known had limited but continuous dealeventually as the Wars of the ings with Africa, mostly along the Roses. Mediterranean Sea. There, North Localism was also evident in African culture had been shaped the patterns of European trade. since the seventh century by the Goods moving overland were before them. Islam, whose inuence ll the world lay religion of Or so it seemed to mariners usually carried by wheeled cartss seafaring coasts, pushing westward toward spread as well into Spain. Below from England or pack animals unknown lands inthe Sahara desert the Bantu, an over rutted the far Atlantic. paths. Along rivers and canals, of agricultural people, rstnot the sight The scent the new land came had migrated lords repeatedly taxedit, but that smells, the course of 2000 years from over wafted from beyond the horizon, of boats the crossed their territories. Onto sailors whoWest felt nothing but theto their had African homeland rolling delicious the
sea for weeks on end. In northerly latitudes around June, it would be the scent of r trees or the sight of shore 23 birds wheeling about the masts. Straightaway the captain would call for a lead to be thrown overboard to sound the depths. At its end was a hollowed-out socket with a bit of tallow in it, so some of the sea bottom would stick when the lead was hauled up. Even out of sight of land, a good sailing master could tell where he was by what came upoosy sand or perhaps soft worms or popplestones as big as beans. If the ship was approaching unknown shores, the captain would hope to sight land early in the day, 14001600 allowing time to work caupreview In the century after 1492, Europeans expanded boldly and often tiously toward an untried harruthlessly into the Americas, thanks to a combination of technological advances bor on uncharted tides. Since the time of King in sailing and rearms, the rise of new trading networks, and stronger, more Arthur, the English living along centralized governments. Spain established a vast and protable empire but at the rugged southwestern coasts fearful human cost. A diverse Mesoamerican population of some 20 million was of Devon and Cornwall had reduced to only 2 million through warfare, European diseases, and exploitation. followed the sea. From the wharves of Englands West Country seaports like Bristol, ships headed west and north to Ireland, bringing back animal hides as well as timber for houses and barrels. Or they turned south, fetching wines from France and olive oil or gs and raisins from the Spanish and Portuguese coasts. In return, West Country ports offered woven woolen cloth and codsh, caught wherever the best prospects beckoned. Through much of the fteenth century the search for cod drew West Country sailors north and west, toward Iceland. In the 1480s and 1490s, however, a few English tried their luck farther west. Old maps, after all, claimed that the bountiful Hy-BrasilGaelic for Isle of the Blessedlay somewhere west of Ireland. These western ventures returned with little to show for their daring until the coming of an Italian named Giovanni Caboto, called John Cabot by the English. Cabot, who hailed from Venice, obtained the blessing of King Henry VII to hunt for unknown lands. From the port of Bristol his lone ship set out to the west in the spring of 1497. Cabot discovers This time the return voyage brought news of a new-found island where the Newfoundland trees were tall enough to make ne masts and the codsh were plentiful. After returning to Bristol, Cabot marched off to London to inform His Majesty, received 10 pounds as his reward, and with the proceeds dressed himself in dashing silks. The multitudes of London ocked after him, wondering over the Admiral; then Cabot returned triumphantly to Bristol to undertake a more ambitious search for a northwest passage to Asia. He set sail with ve ships in 1498 and was never heard from again. 26
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Jefferson owned 5000 acres of land in Albemarle County, Virginia, his home farm of Monticello and three quarter farmsLego, Tufton, and Shadwell. Sally Hemings and her children lived at the Monticello plantation.
This view of Monticello was painted shortly after Jeffersons death. It portrays his white descendants surrounded by a serene landscape.
288
Political centralization
Global Coverage
A section of the narrative in each chapter discusses American history from a global perspective, showing that the United States did not develop in a geographic or cultural vacuum and that the broad forces shaping it also inuenced other nations.
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Daily Lives
POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT Exploring the Wondrous World
In 1786 Charles Willson Peale, painter and jack-of-all-trades, opened a museum of natural history in his home on Lombard Street in Philadelphia. Americans had always been fascinated by freaks of nature and remarkable providences (see Daily Lives, A World of Wonders and Witchcraft, on pages 9495). But unlike seventeenth-century colonials, Peale was not searching for signs of the supernatural in everyday life. A student of the Enlightenment, Peale intended his museum to be a school of useful knowledge that would attract men and women of all ages and social ranks. By studying natural history, Peale believed, citizens would gain an understanding of themselves, their country, and the world and thereby help sustain civilization in the United States. The sign over the door read, Whoso would learn wisdom, let him enter here! Inside, the visitor found a wide assortment of items from
around the world. Peale displayed nearly a hundred paintings he had completed of leading Americans, stuffed birds and animals, busts of famous scientists, cases of minerals, and wax gures representing the races of the world. Among the technological innovations that were showcased, a machine called a physiognotrace produced precise silhouettes. Moses Williams, a former slave, operated the machine and did a thriving business, selling 8880 proles in the rst year. Peales backyard soon contained a zoo with a bewildering assortment of animals, including two grizzly bear cubs, an eagle, numerous snakes, monkeys, and a hyena. Prominent acquaintances such as Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson sent specimens, and the collection eventually totaled some 100,000 items. Peales most famous exhibit was a skeleton of a mastodon (he misnamed it a mammoth, thereby adding a synonym for huge to the American vocabulary). Assembled from several digs he had conducted with great publicity in upstate New York, it stood 11 feet high at the shoulder and was the rst complete mastodon skeleton ever mounted. Billed the ninth wonder of the world, it was
housed in a special Mammoth Room that required a separate admission fee. In gathering and mounting his specimens, Peale sought to bring into one view a world in miniature. He carefully labeled plants, animals, insects, and birds and
In this self-portrait, Charles Willson Peale lifts a curtain to reveal the famous Long Room of his museum. Partially visible on the right behind Peale is the great mastodon skeleton, at which a woman gazes in awe, while in the rear a father instructs his son on the wonders of nature.
arranged them according to accepted scientic classications. He also pioneered the grouping of animals in their natural habitat. Stuffed tigers and deer stood on a plaster mountainside, while below, a glass pond was lled with sh, reptiles, and birds. For the safety of visitors who could not resist handling the exhibits, the birds, whose feathers were covered with arsenic, were eventually put in glass-fronted cases with painted habitats behind them. Peale refused to indulge the popular taste for spectacles and freaks. He hesitated before accepting a ve-legged cow with two tails, fearing it would lower the institutions dignity and compromise its serious purpose. He declined to display a blue sash belonging to George Washington because it had no educational value, and only after Peales death was it exhibited. He put curiosities away in cabinets and showed them only on request. Peales museum was an expression of its founders republican ideals of order, stability, and harmony. It was, in his mind, an institute of eternal laws, laid bare for the masses to see and understand. Peale hoped the museum would instill civic responsibility in its patrons, and he often told the
story of how two hostile Indian chiefs, meeting by accident in the museum, were so impressed with its harmony that they agreed to sign a peace treaty. The museum attracted thousands of curious customers and prospered in its early years. It was one of the major attractions in Philadelphia and became famous throughout the nation. Yet Peales vast collection soon overwhelmed his scientic classication scheme, and his grandiose plans always outran his funds and soon his space as well. Refusing to slow his collection efforts, Peale moved his museum in 1794 to Philosophical Hall, and then in 1802 he took over the second oor of Independence Hall. Before he retired in 1810, Peale tried vainly to interest the national government in acquiring his collection and creating a national museum. Under the direction of his son, the museum struggled on, but it was unable to satisfy the growing popular appetite for showmanship rather than education. The museum nally closed its doors in 1850, but during the Republics formative years it offered thousands of Americans a unique opportunity, as the ticket of admission promised, to explore the wondrous world.
limits and threatened the liberties of citizens, states had the right to interpose their authority. But Jefferson and Madison were not ready to rend a union that had so recently been forged. The two men intended for the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions only to rally public opinion to the Republican cause. They opposed any effort to resist federal authority by force. Furthermore, other states openly rejected the doctrine of interposition. During the last year of the Adams administration, the Alien and Sedition Acts quietly expired. Once in power, the Republicans repealed the Naturalization Act. 250
Daily Lives
Every chapter contains an essay focusing on one of ve themes that give insight into the lives of ordinary Americans: clothing and fashion; time and travel; food, drink, and drugs; public space/private space; and popular entertainment.
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From the beginning of Reconstruction, African Americans demanded the right to vote as free citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment, ratied in 1870, secured that right for black males. In New York, black citizens paraded in support of Ulysses Grant for president. Parades played a central role in campaigning: this parade exhibits the usual banners, ags, costumes, and a band. Blacks in both the North and the South voted solidly for the Republican party as the party of Lincoln and emancipation, although white violence in the South increasingly reduced black turnout.
Marginal Headings
Succinct notes in the margins highlight key terms and concepts.
*Previously, presidential electors as well as the governor had been chosen by the South Carolina legislature.
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Summary
A bulleted summary reinforces each chapters main points.
chapter summary
During the seventeenth century, plantation economies based on slavery gradually developed throughout the American South. Native peoples everywhere in the American South resisted white settlement, but their populations were drastically reduced by warfare, disease, and enslavement.
Interactive Learning
Lists at the end of every chapter direct students to relevant interactive maps, short documentary movies, and primary source materials located on the Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM.
Thriving monocultures were established throughout the regiontobacco in the Chesapeake, rice in the Carolinas, and sugar in the Caribbean. African slavery emerged as the dominant labor system in all the southern colonies. Instability and conict characterized the southern colonies for most of the rst century of their existence. As the English colonies took shape, the Spanish extended their empire in Florida and New Mexico, establishing military garrisons, missions, and cattle ranches.
interactive learning
The Primary Source Investigator CD-ROM offers the following materials related to this chapter: Interactive maps: The Atlantic World, 14001850 (M2) and Growth of the Colonies, 16101690 (M3) A collection of primary sources on the English colonization of North America, such as an engraving that
illustrates the dress and customs of Native Americans living near Jamestown, letters and documents about the peace resulting from the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, and the terrible collapse of that peace captured in a contemporary engraving of the Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers. Also included are several sources on the origins of slavery in America: a document that presents one of the earliest restrictive slave codes in the British colonies, images of Portuguese slave trading forts on the coast of West Africa, and a sobering diagram of the human cargo holds of that eras slave-trading ships.
Additional Reading
Annotated references to both classic studies and recent scholarship encourage further pursuit of the topics and events covered in the chapter.
additional reading
The best treatment of early Virginia is Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (1975). A more intimate portrait of an early Virginia community can be found in Darrett and Anita Rutmans study of Middlesex County, A Place in Time (1984). Karen Kupperman offers an excellent overview of relations between whites and Indians not only in the early South but throughout North America in Settling with the Indians (1980), while James Merrell sensitively explores the impact of white contact on a single southern tribe in The Indians New World (1989). Two other notable treatments of slavery
and race relations in Britains southern colonies are Richard Dunns study of the Caribbean, Sugar and Slaves (1972), and Peter Woods work on South Carolina, Black Majority (1974). And for the Spanish borderlands, see David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (1992). The Chesapeake has always drawn more notice from early American historians than South Carolina has, but in recent years some important studies have redressed that neglect. The best overview of that colonys development remains Robert Weir, Colonial South Carolina (1982); for ne explorations of more specialized topics, see Daniel C. Littleeld, Rice and Slaves (1981); Peter Colclanis, The Shadow of a Dream (1989); and Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside (1990). For a fuller list of readings, see the Bibliography at www.mhhe. com/davidsonnation5.
Signicant Events
A chronology at the end of each chapter shows the temporal relationship among important events.
significant events
1820 18191823 Panic and depression 1822 Denmark Vesey conspiracy 1823 Biddle becomes president of the Bank of the United States 1824 Tariff duties raised; Jackson finishes first in presidential race 1825 1825 House elects John Quincy Adams president 1826 William Morgan kidnapped 1827 Cherokees adopt written constitution 1828 Tariff of Abominations; South Carolina Exposition and Protest; Jackson elected president
1830 1831 Anti-Masonic party holds first nominating convention 18331834 Biddles panic 1835
1830 Webster-Hayne debate; Indian Removal Act 1832 Worcester v. Georgia; Jackson vetoes recharter of the national bank; Jackson reelected; South Carolina nullifies tariff; Jacksons Proclamation on Nullification 1833 Force Bill; tariff duties reduced; Jackson removes deposits from the Bank of the United States 1834 Whig party organized
1836 Specie Circular; Van Buren elected president 1837 Charles River Bridge case; economic panic 1838 Trail of Tears Second Seminole war 18351842 1840 1840 Independent Treasury Act; Harrison elected president 1842 First professional minstrel troupe
18391843 Depression
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Part 1 uses hand-engraved initials of the sort imported from England and Europe by colonial printers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Part 2 displays mortised initial blocks. These ornaments had holes cut in the middle of the design so a printer could insert the initial of choice. These holes provided greater exibility when the supply of ornaments was limited. Part 3 features initial blocks cut from wood, an approach common in the early and middle nineteenth century. This design, Roman X Condensed, allowed more letters to be squeezed into a limited space.
T T T
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Part 4 makes use of a more ornamental initial block common in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Some Victorian designs became quite ornate. This font, a style that is relatively reserved, is Latin Condensed. Part 5 illustrates an initial block whose clean lines reect the Art Deco movement of the 1920s and 1930s. Printers of the New Era turned away from the oftenflowery nineteenth-century styles. This font is Beverly Hills. Part 6 features an informal style, Brush Script Regular. First introduced during World War II, this typeface reects the more casual culture that blossomed during the postwar era.
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William E. Gienapp
has a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley and taught at the University of Wyoming before going to Harvard University, where he was Professor of History until his death in 2003. In 1988 he received the Avery O. Craven Award for his book The Origins of the Republican Party, 18521856. He edited The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection, and most recently published Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America and a companion volume, This Fiery Trial: The Speeches and Writings of Abraham Lincoln. is Professor of History at the University of Delaware. She received a Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale University and is the author of Commerce and Culture: The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 16901750. Her book Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt was awarded the Bancroft Prize in 1998.
Mark H. Lytle,
who received a Ph.D. from Yale University, is Professor of History and Environmental Studies and Chair of the History Program at Bard College. He was recently reappointed Mary Ball Washington Professor of History at University College, Dublin, in Ireland. His publications include The Origins of the Iranian-American Alliance, 19411953, After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection (with James West Davidson), and An Environmental Approach to American Diplomatic History in Diplomatic History. His most recent book, The Uncivil War: America in the Vietnam Era, will be published in 2005, and he is completing a biography of Rachel Carson. is Associate Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin. The recipient of a Ph.D. from Yale University, he has received many teaching awards, most recently the Friars Centennial Teaching Excellence Award. He is the author of Oil, War, and American Security: The Search for a National Policy on Foreign Oil, 19411947 and coeditor (with Jonathan Fanton and R. Hal Williams) of The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. He is currently working on a brief narrative of the bombing of Nagasaki.
Michael B. Stoff
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introduction
istory is both a discipline of rigor, bound by rules and scholarly methods, and something more: the unique, compelling, even strange way in which we humans dene ourselves. We are all the sum of the tales of thousands of people, great and small, whose actions have etched their lines upon us. History supplies our very identitya sense of the social groups to which we belong, whether family, ethnic group, race, class, or gender. It reveals to us the foundations of our deepest religious beliefs and traces the roots of our economic and political systems. It explores how we celebrate and grieve, how we sing the songs we sing, how we weather the illnesses to which time and chance subject us. It commands our attention for all these good reasons and for no good reason at all, other than a fascination with the way the myriad tales play out. Strange that we should come to care about a host of men and women so many centuries gone, some with names eminent and familiar, others unknown but for a chance scrap of information left behind in an obscure letter. Yet we do care. We care about Sir Humphrey Gilbert, devoured and swallowed up of the Sea one black Atlantic night in 1583; we care about George Washington at Kips Bay, red with fury as he takes a riding crop to his retreating soldiers. We care about Octave Johnson, a slave eeing through Louisiana swamps trying to decide whether to stand and ght the approaching hounds or take his chances with the bayou alligators; we care about Clara Barton, her nurses skirts so heavy with blood from the wounded, that she must wring them out before tending to the next soldier. We are drawn to the fate of Chinese laborers, chipping away at the Sierras looming granite; of a Georgian named Tom Watson seeking to forge a colorblind political alliance; and of desperate immigrant mothers, kerosene lamps in hand, storming Brooklyn butcher shops that had again raised prices. We follow, with a mix of awe and amusement, the fortunes of the quirky Henry Ford (Everybody wants to be somewhere he aint), turning out identical automobiles, insisting his factory workers wear identical expressions (Fordization of the Face). xxx
We trace the career of young Thurgood Marshall, crisscrossing the South in his own little old beat-up 29 Ford, typing legal briefs in the back seat, trying to get black teachers to sue for equal pay, hoping to get his people somewhere they werent. The list could go on and on, spilling out as it did in Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass: A southerner soon as a northerner, a planter nonchalant and hospitable, / A Yankee bound my own way . . . a Hoosier, a Badger, a Buckeye, a Louisianian or Georgian. . . . Whitman embraced and celebrated them all, inseparable strands of what made him an American and what made him human:
In all people I see myself, none more and not one a barleycorn less; And the good or bad I say of myself, I say of them.
To encompass so expansive an America, Whitman turned to poetry; historians have traditionally chosen narrative as their means of giving life to the past. That mode of explanation permits them to interweave the strands of economic, political, and social history in a coherent chronological framework. By choosing narrative, historians afrm the multicausal nature of historical explanationthe insistence that events be portrayed in context. By choosing narrative, they are also acknowledging that, although long-term economic and social trends shape societies in signicant ways, events often take on a logic (or an illogic) of their own, jostling one another, being deected by unpredictable personal decisions, sudden deaths, natural catastrophes, and chance. There are literary reasons, too, for preferring a narrative approach, because it supplies a dramatic force usually missing from more structural analyses of the past. In some ways, surveys such as this text are the natural antithesis of narrative history. They strive, by definition, to be comprehensive: to furnish a broad, orderly exposition of their chosen eld. Yet to cover so much ground in so limited a space necessarily deprives readers of the context of more detailed accounts. Then, too, the resurgence of social historywith its concern for class and race, patterns of rural and urban life, the
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Introduction
spread of market and industrial economieslends itself to more analytic, less chronological treatments. The challenge facing historians is to incorporate these areas of research without losing the storys narrative drive or the chronological ow that orients readers to the more familiar events of our past. With the cold war of the past half-century at an end, there has been increased attention to the worldwide breakdown of so many nonmarket economies and, by inference, to the greater success of the market societies of the United States and other capitalist nations. As our own narrative makes clear, American society and politics have indeed come together centrally in the marketplace. What Americans produce, how and where they produce it, and the desire to buy cheap and sell dear have been dening elements in every era. That market orientation has created unparalleled abundance and reinforced striking inequalities, not the least a society in which, for two centuries, human beings themselves were bought and sold. It has made Americans powerfully provincial in protecting local interests and internationally adventurous in seeking to expand wealth and opportunity. It goes without saying that Americans have not always produced wisely or well. The insistent drive toward material plenty has levied a heavy tax on the
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global environment. Too often quantity has substituted for quality, whether we talk of cars, education, or culture. When markets ourish, the nation abounds with condence that any problem, no matter how intractable, can be solved. When markets fail, however, the fault lines of our political and social systems become all too evident. In the end, then, it is impossible to separate the marketplace of boom and bust and the world of ordinary Americans from the corridors of political maneuvering or the ceremonial pomp of an inauguration. To treat political and social history as distinct spheres is counterproductive. The primary question of this narrativehow the edgling, often tumultuous confederation of these United States managed to transform itself into an enduring republicis not only political but necessarily social. In order to survive, a republic must resolve conflicts between citizens of different geographic regions and economic classes, of diverse racial and ethnic origins, of competing religions and ideologies. The resolution of these conicts has produced tragic consequences, perhaps, as often as noble ones. But tragic or noble, the destiny of these states cannot be understood without comprehending both the social and the political dimensions of the story.
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istory comes alive through narrative; but the building blocks of that narrative are primary sources. McGraw-Hills Primary Source Investigator (PSI) CD-ROM provides instant access to hundreds of the most important and interesting documents, images, artifacts, audio recordings, and videos from our past. You can browse the collection across time, source types, subjects, historical questions, textbook chapters, or your own custom search terms. Clicking on a source opens it in our Source Window, packed with annotations, investigative tools, transcripts, and interactive questions for deeper analysis. As close companions to the primary sources, original secondary sources are also included on the PSI: 5to 8-minute documentaries and interactive maps complete with underlying statistical data. Together these features weave a rich historical narrative or argument on topics that are difcult to fully grasp from primary sources alone. Each secondary source also provides links back to related primary sources, enabling you to test a secondary sources argument against the historical record.
While examining any of these sources you can use our notebook feature to take notes, bookmark key sources, and save or print copies of all the sources for use outside the archive. After researching a particular theme or time period, you can use our argumentoutlining tool to walk you through the steps of composing a historical essay or presentation. Through its browsing and inspection tools, Primary Source Investigator helps you practice the art of historical detection using a real archive of historical sources. This process of historical investigation follows three basic steps: Ask Use our browsing panels to search and lter the sources. Research Use the Source Window to examine sources in detail and the Notebook to record your insights. Argue Practice outlining historical arguments based on archival sources.
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