Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History 6 EM
History 6 EM
HISTORY
For Class VI
Publisher:
Himmat Publications, Patel Road Quetta
for
Supervision:
Mrs. Aosaf Latif (Subject Specialist)
Islamabad
Harappa
i) Mohenjo-Daro
ii) Harappa
iii) Mahergarh
03
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
i) Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-Daro is situated at a
distance of 27 km from district Larkana, in
Sindh province. In 1922, during the
excavation of mounds at Mohenjo-Daro,
under the supervision of an English
archaeologist, Sir John Marshal, a splendid
city was discovered. Archaeologists
estimate that this city existed five thousand
years ago and ruined later.
Picture of the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro
The city of Mohenjo-Daro was constructed with proper planning.
There were houses, roads, markets, granaries, (stoops) round terraces and
streets in the city. Houses were constructed in one row. The city consisted of
many rectangular blocks, having long and short streets in them. The houses
had doors which opened in alleys. There was usually a room for watchmen
at the front of the houses. There was usually a well in the room close by the
street. There was usually a bathroom few yards away from the well, having
floor made of baked bricks. For sewerage system, drains of solid bricks
were made. There was underground sewerage system for draining the
waste, out of the city. Wood was used for making the roofs of the houses.
The important buildings of Mohenjo-Daro included, Buddha's stoopa, Fort,
pond, palace and granaries.
Literally Mohenjo-Daro means, “The city of the deads.” Before its destruction it
was a fertile city by River Indus.
ii) Harappa
Harappa is another city of the ancient civilization of Indus valley,
which was situated at the bank of River Ravi. The ruins of this city have
been discovered at the distance of 24 Km from District Sahiwal, in Punjab
province. These ruins are found at the distance of 4 km to the North of
Harappa railway station. In 1946, during the excavation at Harappa the
ruins which were unearthed resemble a lot to those found at Mohenjo-Daro.
04
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
It is believed that Harappa existed 4500 or 5000 years ago and about two or
two thousand years ago it was ruined. This place was also very fertile. It was
a big city and its people were prosperous. The ruins of Harappa consist of
Fort, city wall, houses, streets, roads, round terraces. and granaries.
The distance between Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa is 650 Km, but the
relics indicate that they both belonged to the same civilization. Their
architecture, dresses and other hobbies resembled to one another to a great
extent.
Ruins of Harappa
civilization
with other
Mesopotamia:
Silver, Woolen Cloth,
contemporary Edible Oil, Leather
06
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
Sumeria and Nile valley. Merchants would bring trade goods to and from
Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab, now the existing areas of Pakistan.
During the excavation of Sumerian Civilization, a picture of
“humped bull” on a pot was found which is a typical symbol of Indus valley
civilization. In Mesopotamia and Sumeria during the excavation , seals and
pots of particular shapes have been discovered, which prove that there had
been quite long and close relations between Sumeria and Sindh. We can say
that the civilizations which flourished at the banks of River Tigris and
Euphrates had trade relations with Indus valley civilization.
07
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
(i) They buried their deads.
(ii) They put the dead body in the open area, so that animals and birds
could eat it, and later its bones were buried.
(iii) They burned the dead ones and buried their ashes in the ground or
kept them in jars in Stoopa buildings
08
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
The people of Indus valley were literate. They had invented their own
script and knew the use of numbers as well.
From Indus valley, war weapons and hunting tools have been found
in less quantity. People lived a peaceful life. The rulers only defended their
own cities therefore they did not keep huge armies. The rulers were as
peaceful as the people. The weapons found in the ruins of this area are made
of bronze and copper, which are not quite durable. Other hunting tools such
as axes, daggers, spears etc found in the ruins are not of good quality.
Seals and clay toys, bearing pictures of bulls on them have been
discovered in large quantity, which indicate that “Bull” was an important
animal for them. Since they were associated with trade profession, it is
believed that they used the bulls for transpotation. No evidences have been
found of keeping horses by the people of Indus valley civilization. No signs
of horses have been found on the pictures of skeletons and statues. It seems
that they were not familiar with horse.
09
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
areas . They travelled not only to the Subcontinent but also to the far off
countries for trade and tourism. Hence, they had trade relations with other
contemporary civilizations as well. Government officials issued special
orders and used their particular seals, bearing different pictures of animals
on them. These people used boats and bull-carts for carrying trade goods
from one place to another.
10
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
11
Exercise
1.1 Following are the four options for each question. Tick the correct
one.
i. The people of Indus valley used to carry trade goods by:
a) Tractor trolley b) Trucks
c) Trains d) Boats and bull carts
ii. Most of the people of Indus valley were attached with:
a) Mining b) Jobs
c) Farming d) Labouring
iii. The excavation of Maher Garh civilization was started in:
a) 1944 AD b) 1954 AD
c) 1964 AD d) 1974 AD
iv. The spindles found in the ruins of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were
used for:
a) Irrigation b) Spinning cotton
c) Construction d) Currency
v. The animal used for carrying loads in Indus valley was:
a) Elephant b) Horse
c) Donkey d) Bull
1.2 Fill in the blanks.
i. Mohenjo-Daro is situated at the distance of Km from
Larkana.
ii. The people of Indus valley had relations with other
contemporary civilizations.
iii. The local people of ancient Indus valley civilization were .
iv. The people of Indus valley were well familiar with the skill of
.
v. The have been discovered, which were mostly
situated at the banks of rivers.
12
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
1.3 Tick the true sentence and cross the false ones.
I. History enables a man to construct a better and bright
future, by keeping in view past.
ii. Dravidians had modern weapons of warfare.
iii. A large number of the people of Indus valley were
attached with industries.
iv. Harappa is situated near District Jhang.
v. The houses of Indus valley were constructed with baked
bricks.
1.4 Match column A with column B.
Column A Column B
Contemporary civilization of Indus valley Sahiwal
Mohenjo-Daro Bull cart
Carrying loads, Iraq, Sumeria and Nile valley
Cotton Larkana
Harappa Spindle (takla)
13
Chapter:1 Indus Valley Civilization
ii. Explain the relations of Indus valley with other contemporary
civilizations.
iii. Explain the Social system of Indus valley civilization.
iv. Discuss the town planning and architecture of Indus valley
civilization.
v. Identify the routes with the help of map through which the people of
Indus valley developed relations with other contemporary
civilizations.
Activities
Make a list of the relics found in the ruins of Indus valley civilization.
Draw the map and location of the Indus valley and those of
contemporary civilizations on a chart and hang it on the wall in
the class room.
14
Chapter
15
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
2.1 The Aryans: Origins and their Arrival in India
Aryans came from Central Asia. They were quite dynamic and great
warriors. They were tall and had strong body with fair complexion. They
considered others inferior to them because of their stronger physical
structure. Central Asia has been an excellent centre of culture and
civilization. Historians believe that the rapid growth in population, shortage
of pastures, decrease in agricultural yield and economic crisis compelled
them to leave their homeland and migrate to the Subcontinent. Marching
through Afghanistan, they finally reached Punjab and Sindh. Since the
Aryans were nomads, they migrated for their survival. They found the
Subcontinent a suitable place for meeting their needs and requirements.
They started settling in this area about 1500 BC. Aryans enslaved the local
people (Dravidians) and laid the foundation of a new culture and
civilization, which resembled to some extent with the culture of the local
people. (Dravidians) They destroyed the social system of this region, which
was based on equality.
Route of Migration
The Aryans had vast experience in the field of trade. They were
interested in trading cotton and woolen cloth along with agricultural
products. Buying and selling of animals, particularly of horses, was a
common practice among them. The Aryans also carried out the trade of
different metallic objects on a limited scale. They were good at dyeing
leather and making different goods out of it. The Aryans made not only
common goods out of wood but also bull carts, boats and cupboards. They
were familiar with the use of different metals and could make ornaments of
gold, bronze, copper and iron. They made weapons and utensils with these
metals.
18
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
According to Hinduism, a man takes
another birth after his death, in good or bad
form, depending upon his good or bad
deeds. Good or bad deeds are not wasted.
Man is punished or rewarded according to
his deeds. Man is born and dies time and
again. He cannot avert the pain of taking
birth and dying unless he attains ultimate
salvation.
Shiva God
Caste System
With the passage of time, caste system took its roots in Hinduism and
Hindu society was divided into four major castes.
a. Berhamins: It was the most superior caste. Berhamins performed
religious duties/rituals.
b. Khashtry: They were assigned the task of defending their
homeland and waging wars.
c. Vaishyas: Different occupations like, trading, farming, and
industry were assigned to the people of this caste.
d. Shudras: It was considered to be the most inferior caste. Shudras
had to serve the Aryans, maintain cleanliness, mend shoes, strip off the skin
of animals and perform other menial jobs.
2.4.2 Buddhism
Gautam Buddh was the founder of
Buddhism. He was born in 563 BC. His real
name was “Sidharath.” He was the son of a Raja
of the state of Nepal. He was a young man of
quiet nature, and had tendency towards
meditation. He disliked the bad customs and
traditions and un-necessary restrictions in
Hinduism.
In his youth, he left his home, wife and
children and went to the jungle. He hated the
worldly comforts and started meditation. At the The founder of Buddhism
age of 35, he started preaching to reform (Mahatama Gotum Budh)
19
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
the society and invited the people towards truthfulness. He stressed upon
adopting simplicity and getting control over wordly desires. He spent his
last 45 years, rendering religious and social duties.
21
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
23
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
Black Sea
Land Route of
Alaxender
Sea Route of
Alaxender
The routes through which Alexander the Great arrived the Sub-Continent
After getting the support of Poris, Alexander subdued different
tribes. They could not confront Alexander, due to their internal conflicts and
crisis. At last Alexander captured Sialkot. Later he reached the bank of
River Beas to conquer the remaining India. After leaving their native land
and till his reaching Beas, Alexander the great and his army had been in
continuous state of war, therefore, despite victories, his troops refused to
march further ahead. Alexander tried his best to convince them but they did
not agree to fight any longer. Hence; in 326 Alexander ordered to return to
their native country. At the age of 32, Alexander had conquered major part
of the world.
The will of Alexander the Great:
Alexander the Great died in 323 BC. For man, this world is a temporary
place to live in, and all the things in it are destined to be perished, and do not
go in grave with man. Realizing this fact, the great conqueror, Alexander
the great, before his death, wrote in his will, “Let my both hands be out of
shroud, so that people could see that despite having a vast empire and
power, I am leaving this world with empty hands.” The same feelings and
thoughts determine a line of action that is based on love, justice and respect
for humanity.
24
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
2.7. Mauryan Kingdom: (321 BC - 185 BC)
After the return of Alexander the great, the local rulers started
perpetrating cruelties against the people. Different types of taxes and un-
necessary restrictions were imposed on them. In such circumstances, a
brave young man “Chander Gupt” yielded the scepter of power and laid the
foundation of Mouryan dynasty. He gave special attention to internal and
external affairs that could strengthen his rule. He established a strong
government in India and did a lot of work for the welfare of the people.
After the death of Chander Gupt, his son Samder Gupt succeeded
him. He ruled for 40 years. He was fond of conquering lands and waging
wars. Samder Gupt was the most powerful king in the history of Gupta
dynasty. He conquered many states, and became the king of a vast empire.
After his death his son Chander Gupt II became the ruler and remained in
power for about 38 years. He supported and promoted Hinduism like his
father and grandfather did. During his reign, Hinduism, once again, became
26
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
the most prominent religion in
India (Subcontinent.).
I. Qanooj
The state of Qanooj was established in 9th century AD. A Rajput ruler
“Bhooja” set up his capital at Qanooj. The boundaries of this state stretched
over an area from Gujrat to Bengal.
27
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
ii. Delhi:
At the end of 10th century “Tomar” dynasty captured Delhi. Raja
Anang Pal was the founder of this dynasty. After him, in 12th century,
Chuhans and Rajputs captured Delhi.
iv. Tamil:
In 10th and 11th century Tamil state was established, which rapidly
expanded from Deccan to Srilanka.
v. Kashmir:
In 9th and 10th century “Kotla dynasty” ruled over Kashmir. In 856
AD, “Opel dynasty” conquered it, while from 11th to 14th century “Loharo
dynasty” ruled over it.
28
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
Exercise
2.1 Following are the four answers of each question. Tick the correct
one.
i) Before the arrival of the Aryans, the major occupation of the
local people was:
a) Agriculture b) Industry
c) Employment d) Mining
ii) The government of Gupta dynasty was established in the
subcontinent:
a) In second century AD b) In third century AD
c) In fourth century AD d) In fifth century AD
iii) Ashoka, the third ruler of Mauriyan dynasty became the King:
a) In 273 BC b) In 373 BC
c) In 293 BC d) In 470 BC
iv) Alaxender the great was born:
a) In 356 BC b) In 456 BC
c) In 354 BC d) In 453 BC
v) Samder Gupt ruled over India for:
a) 20 years b) 30 years
c) 40 years d) 50 years
29
Chapter:2 The Aryan Era
2.3 Tick the true sentences and cross the false ones.
Column A Column B
Texla, Rawalpindi, Captured by Paul family.
31
Chapter
Muslims
3 In
South Asia-I
Student Learning Outcomes
After studying this unit, students will be able to:
1. Describe the causes and impact of Arab invasions, with
particular reference to Makran, Sindh and Multan.
32
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
3.1 Arrival of Arabs to South Asia
Most of the Arabs were associated with trade. Arab traders had
established trade relations with the people of south Asia even before the
advent of Islam. Muslims had been visiting the coasts of Balochistan,
Sindh, Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kali cut and Ras-Kumari from where they went
to Lanka, (present Srilanka) Burma and other Eastern countries for trade
purposes. Many Arabs settled in these states.
3.1.1 The Causes of invading Sindh
At that time, Islamic empire was a strong power and expanded in the
entire Arab peninsula and its neighboring countries. Every king of the world
wished to make friendship with the caliph of Islam. Lanka's Raja sent some
valuable gifts to the caliph of Islam by a fleet . In the same fleet, some Arab
pilgrims bound for Makkah for performing Hajj were also aboard. There
were also few widows and orphan children of Arab traders in the fleet,
whose husbands and fathers respectively had died in Lanka. When this fleet
reached near the famous port of Debel, it was attacked and plundered by
pirates who imprisoned the children, women and men. Even before this
incident, many traders had been the victims to plunder at this port. But this
time, the report of making women and children prisoners infuriated Hijjaj
Bin Yusuf. He wrote a letter to Raja Dahir, the ruler of Sindh, stating, “your
pirates have plundered our fleet and imprisoned women and children
aboard.” He demanded immediate release of women and children along
with the return of the plundered goods”. In response to this letter, Raja Dahir
replied, “I have no control over these pirates.” Now Hijaj Bin Yusuf decided
to punish Raja Dahir and get the women and children released. Hajjaj Bin
Yusuf got permission from the then Caliph, Waleed Bin Abdul Malik to
attack Raja Dahir.
3.1.2 Arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim to Sindh and the conquest of
Debal
Hajjaj Bin Yousuf sent his nephew and son in law, Ammadudin
Muhammad Bin Qasim to conquer Sindh. At that time Muhammad Bin
Qasim was 17 years old. He was a wise and brave young man. There were 12
thousand Mujahedeen in the army with three thousand camels, arrows for
igniting fire and Manjaniques for throwing heavy stones.
33
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
Muslim forces entered Sindh
through Makran, an area of present
Balochistan province and besieged
Debal in 712 AD. Debal was a famous
port of Sindh, situated at a distance of
12 Km from present day Karachi.
Those days it was a small city which
was the centre of trade, culture and
religion activities. There was a temple
in the middle of the city. A red colour
flag fluttered at the top of the castle
about which the hindus had firm belief
that as long as the flag continued to
Muhammad Bin Qasim
flutter, no one could harm them.
Muhammad Bin Qasim ordered his troops to hit the flag with his biggest
Manjanique (Al Urus). Those days, huge stones were thrown with the help
of Manjanique. A big stone hit the flag and it fell down. It demoralized the
hindus. In the meanwhile, Arab Muslims broke into the fort. Allah bestowed
victory upon muslims. The women and children prisoners were freed. Many
people embraced Islam due to Muhammad Bin Qasim's kind treatment.
Conquerals of
Muhammad Bin Qasim
Kilometer 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Kilometer
Land Route
Sea Route
The route taken by Muhammad Bin Qasim between Debal and Multan
c. Impact of Muhammad Bin Qasim's invasion
After the conquests of Muhammad Bin Qasim, Islam spread rapidly
in the Subcontinent. The Arabs set such examples of religious freedom,
generosity, tolerance, kind treatment, justice and love, which can hardly be
found in the history of mankind. As a result, many Brahmins and Buddhists
embraced Islam. Owing to the conquest of Sindh the people learnt the
lesson of civility and morality. Many religious scholars, traders and
industrialists came from Arabia and settled in Sindh. The Arabs were quite
advanced in the field of agriculture, due to which the production of crops
increased and the people began to prosper.
35
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
d. Death of Muhammad Bin Qasim
Muhammad Bin Qasim stayed in Sindh for only three years. He
intended to continue his conquests but in 714 AD, Hjjaj Bin Yusuf died and
in 715 AD, Suleiman Bin Abdul Malik was enthroned, who was a rival of
Hajjaj Bin Yusuf. On the orders of the Caliph, Muhammad Bin Qasim was
arrested in Sindh and brought to Iraq, where this conqueror of Sindh died in
solitary confinement.
After Shahb-u-din Ghauri, from 13th century till the beginning of 16th
century, the rulers who ruled Indo-Pak subcontinent are called “Salateen.”
(Plural of Sultan) Since the capital of this empire was shifted from Ghazni to
Delhi from the very beginning, this empire was known as “Delhi Sultanate.”
b. Death
Sultan Iltutmush died in 1236 AD. After his death, his son Rukun-u-
din, under the title of Feroze Shah, succeeded him. He ruled for seven
months. Later, the nobles got Rukun-u-din Feroze Shah assassinated and
41
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
handed over the government to Razia Sultana.
43
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
Policies of Bulban:
1. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban took steps to root out the rebellious
tendencies of nobles.
4. During the reign of Bulban, Mongols invaded in 1279 and 1285 AD.
In the last invasion, his son Shehzada Muhammad got killed. He appointed
supreme commanders in present Khayber Pakhtunkhwa, to keep Mongols
away and introduced military reforms. He adopted a permanent defense
policy to counter the invasions of Mangols. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban fell
seriously ill after the death of his son, Shehzada Muhammad and died in
1287 AD.
44
Exercise
3.1 Following are the four answers of each question. Tick the correct
one.
I) The slave of Sultan Shamsuddin Altutmush was:
a) Qutubb-u-din Aibak b) Bulban
c) Nasir-u-din Mahmood d) Razia sultana
ii) The name of Razia Sultana's brother was:
a) Yaqoot b) Allau din
c) Bahram Shah d) Nasir-u-din Mahmood
iii) The strategy for countering the invasions of Mongols was
formulated by:
a) Razia Sultana b) Ghiasudin Bulban
c) Moizudin Qaikabad d) Qutub-u-din Aibak
iv) Mohammad Bin Qasim invaded Sindh in:
a) 711 AD b) 712 AD
c) 713 AD d) 714 AD
v) Qutub-u-din Aibak's rule lasted:
a) 4 years b) 5 years
c) 6 years d) 8 years
3.2 Fill in the blanks.
i. Sultan Ghiasuddin Bulban took steps to root out the
rebellious tendencies of the .
ii. Mahmood Ghaznavi invaded Indo-Pak
times.
iii. was a famous port of Sindh.
iv. Muhammad Ghauri defeated in the second
war of Tarian.
v. Sultan Shams-u-din Iltutmush belonged to race.
45
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
3.3 Question No: 3 Tick the true sentences and cross the false ones.
46
Chapter:3 Muslims in South Asia-I
47
Chapter
Muslims
4 In
South Asia-II
Student Learning Outcomes
After studying this unit, students will be able to:
1. Elaborate the rise and Consolidation of the Khilji Dynasty.
2. Discuss Alauddin Khilji: His Intrusion into the South and his
economic system.
3. Trace Mongol invasions into India and the defence policies of the
Dehli Sultans with particular reference Alauddin Khilji.
4. Discuss Tughluq's rise to power and expansion of the Dehli
Sultanate.
5. Critically examine various projects undertaken by Muhammad
Tughluq.
6. Discuss Feroze Shah Tughluq's reforms.
7. Discuss Taimur's invasion and its impact.
8. Critically examine the rise of the Lodhi Dynasty and its role in
restoring stability of the Sultanate.
9. Describe the cultural contributions of the Lodhis.
10. Explain the factors leading to the decline and downfall of the Delhi
Sultanate.
11. Identify the independent principalities, their locations and their
contributions during the 15th 16th centuries.
48
Chapter:4 Muslims in South Asia-II
4.1 Khilji Dynasty (1290-1296AD)
Khiljis belonged to Turk race. They held high posts in the armies of
Mahmood Gahznavi and Sultan Muhammad Ghauri. The founder of Khilji
Dynasty in the Subcontinent, Jalal-u-din Khilji was accepted as the leader
by all the Khiljis, due to hospitality and kind nature. Qaikabad feared his
increasing popularity and thus imprisoned him but later on released him
after finding him innocent. As he had great influence in the army, he
dethroned Qaikabad and took over Delhi.
The Sultan came to know about this conspiracy well in time and
Saydi Maula was arrested and killed. It was the first murder which was
committed during the reign of the Sultan. Rajpoots took to revolt during the
reign of Jalal-u-din Khilji. In 1221, Sultan besieged Ranthambore Castle.
When the inhabitants of the castle refused to surrender, Sultan lifted the
siege by saying that those castles were not more important than the head of a
true Muslim. This unsuccessful campaign offended the Khilji nobles.
49
Chapter:4 Muslims in South Asia-II
Jalal-u-din Khilji accomplished different welfare works.
a. Kind treatment with Mongols
In 1229, during the reign of Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji, the grandson of
Changez Khan, Alakhu Khan invaded Hindustan, but he was defeated.
Instead of crushing his army completely, Jalal-u-din adoped a flexible
policy and gave his daughter in marriage with Alakhu Khan. In order to
please the Mongoles he also built a town by the name of "Mangoles".
b. Conquest of Devegarhi
Allaudin Khilji was the nephew of Sultan Jalal-u-din. He was a great
general. He conquered the surrounding areas of Malwah and sent a lot of
war spoils to Sultan. The Sultan got very much pleased with him and handed
over Malwah to him. Allaudin was against the lenient policy of Sultan on
the one hand and angry at the mistreatment of Queen Jahan with him on the
other. Hence, without informing the Sultan he invaded Devegarhi. After
defeating Raja Ram Dave and his son Shanker Dave, he captured
Davegarhi. In this war he got a lot of wealth in the form of war spoils.
b. Economic reforms
Allaudin formed a system of “price fixing” in the light of his
economic reforms. He appointed officials to enforce this system. To
maintain the supply of goods, new rules were framed, according to which,
hoarding of goods in large quantity was declared a punishable crime. For
the collection of land revenue, Allaudin also introduced agricultural
reforms. He fixed a certain rate of tax on land. Allaudin died in 1316 AD.
Before his death, he had already handed over the affairs of the government
to Malik Kafoor who was killed, after running the government for just 35
days.
Sultan Allaudin Khilji had great interest in architecture. He got Alai darwaza,
Alai Minaret, Tomb of Nizamudin Auliya ( ) Houz-e- Alai and a castle
like city, constructed.
4.1.3 Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316-1320 AD)
After the death of Mlik Kafoor, the son of Allaudin, Mubarak Shah
took over the seat of power. Debauchery and incompetence marked his rule.
51
Chapter:4 Muslims in South Asia-II
He appointed Hassan, who was apparently a Muslim, as his prime minister,
and gave him the title of Khusroo Khan. Khusroo Khan killed Mubarak
Shah and snatched the throne. In this way, 30 year rule of Khilji Dynasty
came to an end.
Khilji Dynasty
(1316-1320 AD)
Gujrat
Bangal
Bay of Bangal
Vijay Nagar Madras
Koochan
Trunk Bar
Indian Ocean
East Bengal was brought under the rule of Delhi Sultanate. After the
successful expedition of Bengal, his son Juna Khan constructed a wooden
palace at Tughluq- Abad, as a token of honour for him. During his stay at the
palace, the palace collapsed due to Elephants' fight and Sultan Ghiasuddin
Tughluq along with his companions died under the jumble of wooden
planks.
Reforms
Feroze Shah abolished all
those taxes which were imposed
during Muhammad Bin Tughluq's Feroze Shah Tughluq
reign. Those taxes had caused great
damage to the economy. He lowered the tax rates. All the taxes against
Sharia were abolished. Confiscated lands were returned to their owners. He
distributed the state lands among the military officers and nobles.
55
Chapter:4 Muslims in South Asia-II
Taimur's Invasion of Hindustan
In 1398 AD, Ameer Taimur's grandson “Peer Muhammad Khan”
captured Pak paten and Deepalpur, apart from other areas to help make way
for Taimur and then Ameer Taimur crossed the Indus River and conquered
Multan. After that he invaded “Sarsah” and held about one Lakh people as
prisoners. Then he invaded Delhi. The army of Delhi fought bravely but was
defeated. He kept on committing massacre in Delhi for three days. Due to
this massacre, many prominent saints, sufies and religious scholars lost
their lives. Beautiful buildings were destroyed. After staying for three days
in Delhi, Ameer Taimur returned with huge quantity of war spoils. After the
departure of Ameer Taimur , thousands of people died due to the outbreak of
plague. Economic crisis added miseries to the life of the people.
59
Exercise
4.1 Following are the four answers of each question.
Tick the correct one.
i) Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji ascended the throne in:
a) 1270 AD b) 1290 AD
c) 1320 AD d) 1390 AD
ii) The real name of Ghiasuddin Tughluq was:
a) Khusroo Khan b) Alagh Khan
c) Ghazi Malik d) Bulbun
iii) Ameer Taimur belonged to a Turk family known as:
a) Berlas b) Mughal
c) Tughluq d) Khilji
iv) In the Subcontinent, Syed Dynasty was founded by:
a) Ameer Taimur b) Muhammad Shah
c) Alam Shah d) Khizer Khan
v) The occupation of Lodhi Dynasty was:
a) Trading b) Employment/jobs
c) Mining d) Fishing
4.2 Fill in the blanks.
i. Sultan Allaudin Khilji all the lands held in
trust.
ii. Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq ascended the throne in
AD.
iii. In 1369 AD, after the death of his father became
the chief of the tribe.
iv. After the downfall of Sada’at Dynasty Dynasty
gained power.
v. In 1396 AD, the governor of Gujarat ,declared
the independence of Gujarat province.
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Chapter:4 Muslims in South Asia-II
4.3 Tick the true statement and cross the false ones.
Column A Column B
Behlol Lodhi died in 1517 AD
Sikandar Lodhi died in 1489 AD
Sultan Jalal-u-din Khilji disintegrated the unity of Hindustan
Syed Dynasty ruled took over the kingship: in 1290 AD
In 1398 AD, Ameer Taimur lasted up to 1451 AD
Activity
Paste the pictures of Salateen-e-Delhi mentioning their great
achievements on a chart and hang it on the wall in the class room.
62
Chapter
Socio-Cultural
5 Developments
(711-1526)
Student Learning Outcomes
After studying this unit, students will be able to:
1. Identify the major Sufi orders/ Saints and their contribution in the
spread of Islam - Ali Bin Usman Hujveri, Moinuddin Chisti,
Baba Farid Shakar Ganj, Bahauddin Zakariyya, Lal Shahbaz
Qalandar and Nizamuddin Aulia.
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Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
5.1. Sufism and its impacts
Sufism (Tasuwuf) is originated from an Arabic word, “Saffa,” which
means purity. In broarder sense it means a mode of life which a Sufi adopts.
The thoughts of Sufiya-e-Karram inspired and impressed the people to the
extent that they started embracing Islam. The people were already fed up
with the caste system, the concept of untouchables and the tradition of
“Sutti” which was in common practice in Hindu religion. Contrary to it,
Sufiya-e-karam introduced a simple and refined civilization and culture
based on the teachings of Islam. Other religions could not resist the
simplicity and grace of this civilization.
d. Qadria Order/Succession
Hazrat Abdul Qadir Jailani ( ) was the greatest Saint of this
order. Abdul Qadir Saani ( ) introduced this order in the Subcontinent.
There has been an important role of Sufiya-e-Karram in the
promotion and propagation of Islam. Some of the Sufiya-e-Kararam are
mentioned below:
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Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
5.1.2 Hazrat Khawaja Moinu-din Chishti
Hazrat Khawaja Moinu-din Chishti was a great Sufi Saint of
Hindustan. He was born at
“Seestan” in 1142 AD. When he
was 15, his father died. He was in
the habit of meditating from his
early childhood. He sold all the
property that he had inherited and
came to Samarkand. Here, he got
education. After that he travelled
Tomb of Hazrat Khawaja Moinu-din Chishti
across the Islamic countries and met
many great Sufis and religious scholars of that time. Later, he came to
Lahore and stayed at the tomb of Hazrat Data Ganj Bukhsh. From here he
went to Multan and learnt the local language. Then he shifted to Dehli. After
a short stay at Delhi he went to Ajmer Sharif. He introduced Islamic
teachings to the local people and practically proved that Islam is the only
religion which propounds the ideas of equality and respect for all the human
beings. Inspired by his teachings, thousands of people embraced Islam. He
died in 1236 AD.
5.1.3 Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj
The ancestors of Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj had migrated
from Kabul to Hindustan. He was
born at Khotwal (District Multan) in
1173 A.D. His real name was
Masood. After getting preliminary
education, he went to Multan. Later
he moved to Kabul to acquire
education in contemporary subjects.
Later, he came to Lahore and then
moved to Ajodhan (Pak Paten) and
settled there permanently. He died Tomb of Hazrat Baba Farid Shakar Ganj ( )
The rulers who had come from Central Asia, to rule over Hindustan,
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Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
influenced the local culture. The influence of Iranian and Turkish style is
quite visible in those fine arts which these rulers patronized. In addition to
their influence on the art and craft, it is also noticiable in people’s life.
i. Arts
Because of the unique nature of Islamc civilization, tremendous
progress was made in the field of arts during the Muslim rule. During that
period, the nobles, rulers and a major part of the society took interest in
Calligraphy. The hand written script of the Holy Quran by Sultan Nasir-u-
din remained intact for a long period. While considering the importance of
painting and calligraphy, different Salateen, during their reigns allotted
specific places by the name of “Art Gallery,”. Following the teachings of
Sharia, some of the Delhi-Salateen declared ban on images of living
creatures. Muslims had brought the art of calligraphy from Iran and they
polished it further. With the arrival of Muslim rulers to Hindustan, the
tradition of central Asian and Iranian music also came to Hindustan. The
elite class, Rajas and Kings used to arrange music programmes in their
courts.
iii. Architecture
Muslim rulers got different buildings constructed in Hindustan,
which are the best models of architecture. Qutub-u-din Aibak got “Masjid
Quwat-ul- Islam” constructed in Delhi and also laid the foundation of
“Qutub Minar” adjacent to “Masjid Quwat-u-Islam, which was later
completed by Iltutmish. There is a Masjid named “Arrahi Din Ka
Johnmpara,” Iltutmish got it built. The tomb of Iltutmish lies to the north
west of Masjid Quwat-ul-Islam. It is made of red stones. Alai Darwaza is the
most magnificent building that was constructed during the reign of Allaudin
Khilji.
(a). Sultan
The Sultan had absolute power and authority in the Sultanate. He
managed and presided all the Judicial, administrative and legislative affairs.
The central and provincial officers and governors, etc were appointed from
the Nobles.
(b). Diwan-e-Wizarat
Next to Sultan, the department of Minister was the most important
department. It was called Diwan-e-Wizarat. Diwan means department. This
department supervised the affairs of treasury but as a matter of fact, its duty
was also to supervise all the other departments of the Sultanat.
(c ). Diwan-e-Risalat
Its duty was to look after the religious affairs. This department
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Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
awarded scholarships to the learned. The head of this department was called
“Sader-as-Sadoor.”
(d). Diwan-e-Qaza
The department of justice was called Diwan-e-Qaza and the head of
this department was called “Qazi-u-Qazat.” It was responsible for the
management of judicial system at different levels, throughout the Sultanat.
(e). Diwan-e-Insha
The department of “Royal Correspondence” was called Diwan-e-
Insha. The head of the department was called “Dabeer-e-Mamalik or
Dabeer-e-Khas.”
(f ). Diwan-e-Arz
The department which presided the affairs related to Army was called
Diwan-e-Arz. Its head was known as “Aariz-e-Mamalik or Sahib Diwan-e-
Arz.” Taking care of the affairs related to army, the salaries of soldiers, the
provision and making of war weapons, training of soldiers, constructing
castles and supplying the food to the soldiers, were the responsibilities of
this department.
(g). Diwan-e-Bareed
This department was given the task of conveying important
information to every corner of the country. Its duty was to carry the orders
of the king to the people and convey to the king important information from
far flung areas. The head of this department was called “Sahib Bareed-e-
Mamalik.”
( c). Diyah:
The smallest administrative unit of the province was called “Diyah”
or village. One pragana consisted of hundred villages. A pargana consisted
of hundred villages. Patwari, Safaid-Posh, and chokidars were appointed to
run its affairs.
74
Exercise
5.1 Following are the four answers of each question. Tick the
correct one.
i. Hazrat Ali Bin Usman Hajviri was born in:
a) Pakistan b) Iran
c) Kazikistan d) Afghanistan
ii. The greatest Saint of Seherwardia order is:
a) Hazrat Bahaudin Zakaria
b) Hazrat Farid-u-din Ganj Shakar
c) Hazrat Bakhtiar Kaki
d) Hazrat Nizamudin Aoliya
iii. Badshahi Masjid of Lahore was constructed by a Muslim
ruler:
a) Akbar b) Aurangzaib Alamgir
c) Qutub-u-din Aibak d) Feroze Shah Tughluq
iv. The department which was related to Army in the Central
administrative structure of Delhi Sultanate was called:
a) Diwan-e-Bareed b) Diwan-e-Qaza
c) Diwan-e-Arz d) Diwan-e-Wizarat
v. During the reign of Salateen-e-Delhi, the provincial chief
executive was called:
a) Sultan b) Diwan-e-Insha
c) Diwan-e-Khas d) Waali or Governor
5.2 Fill in the blanks.
I. The real name of Hazrat Lal Shahbaz Qalander was .
ii. Muslims brought the art of from Iran.
iii. Razia Sultana got a grand Madrasa constructed in .
iv. The responsibility of Diwan-e-Risalat was to look after the affairs
of .
v. The tomb of Hazrat Data Gunj Bukhsh is situated at
city.
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Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
5.3 Tick the correct answer and cross the false ones.
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Chapter:5 Socio-Cultural Developments (711-1526)
5.6 Write detailed answers of the following questions.
i. Describe the major Sufi chains and their contributions in the
spread of Islam.
ii. Explain the Islamic culture during the reign of Muslim rulers.
iii. Highlight the role of Salateen-e-Delhi in the promotion of
education.
iv. Critically examine the central administrative structure of
Salateen -e- Delhi.
v. Explain the provincial administrative structure of Salateen-e-Delhi.
Activity
Arrange a quiz programme according to the information given in
this chapter.
Write down some important features of the life of some of the
Sufiya-e-Karam on a chart and hang it on the wall in the classroom.
77
Glossary
Words Meaning
1. abandon to leave.
2. abolished cancel a rule or law officially.
3. abundance in large quantity.
4. accomplish to complete.
5. acquire to gain something by your own efforts.
6. adjacent situated next to or near something.
7. affinity strong relationship.
8. annex to take control of an area by force.
9. annihilate to destroy something or somebody completely.
10. archaeologist a person who studies archaeology.
11. architecture the art and study of designing buildings.
12. assimilate to go up.
13. astrologist a person who has the knowledge of stars.
14. astronomy the scientific study of the sun moon, stars,
planets etc.
15. calligraphy a beautiful handwriting that you do with special
pen or brush.
16. capital central place of government.
17. carving designing made by cutting into wood or stone.
18. chaos a state of complete confusion and disorder.
19. confiscate to take something from somebody officially
20. confrontation an angry disagreement.
21. contemporary belonging to the same time.
22. devastate follower
23. durable likely to last for a longer period.
24. encompass to include large number of things.
78
Glossary
Words Meaning
80