Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion: Understanding Data and Ways To Collect Data (Research Design)
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion: Understanding Data and Ways To Collect Data (Research Design)
Inquiries, Investigation,
and Immersion
Quarter 1: Module 4 – Lesson 1
Understanding Data and Ways to
Collect Data (Research Design)
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SHS Applied Subject: Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (3I’s)
Quarter 1 Module 4 – Lesson 1: Understanding Data and Ways to Collect Data
(Research Design)
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Writer:
Juliet C. Saldo – Tapayas High School
Editors:
Fe F. Peralta – San Vicente National High School
Edna F. Aladano - GMEVHS
Reviewers:
1. Preciosa R. Dela Vega, EPS - English, SDO Camarines Sur
2. Jeanette M. Romblon, EPS I - English, SDO Masbate City
Illustrators and Layout Artists:
1. Edmark M. Pado – Cabugao Elementary School
2. Mary Jane S. San Agustin – Fundado Elementary School
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Module Understanding Data and Ways to Collect
Data
4 Lesson 1 – Research Design
Learning Target
Vocabulary List
Warming Up
Many times those that undertake a research project often find they are
not aware of the differences between Qualitative Research and Quantitative
Research methods. Many mistakenly think the two terms can be used
interchangeably.
Learning About It
Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides
insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in
thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection
methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common
methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and
participation/observations. The sample2 size is typically small, and respondents are
selected to fulfill a given quota.
What to Know: Qualitative research study is not but one kind. But just as with
quantitative methods, there are actually many varieties of qualitative methods.
Similar to the way group usability testing methods, there are also a number of
ways to segment qualitative methods.
While the five methods generally use similar data collection techniques
(observation, interviews, and reviewing text), the purpose of the study
differentiates them—something similar with different types of usability tests. And
like classifying different usability studies, the differences between the methods
can be a bit blurry. Here are the five qualitative methods in more detail.
1. Ethnography
Ethnographic research is probably the most familiar and applicable
type of qualitative method to UX professionals. In ethnography, you immerse
yourself in the target participants’ environment to understand the goals,
cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge. Ethnography has
its roots in cultural anthropology where researchers immerse themselves
within a culture, often for years! Rather than relying on interviews or surveys,
you experience the environment first hand, and sometimes as a “participant
observer.” For example, one way of uncovering the unmet needs of
customers is to “follow them home” and observe them as they interact with
the product. You don’t come armed with any hypotheses to necessarily test;
rather, you’re looking to find out how a product is used.
Source: https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/
2. Narrative
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For example, a narrative approach can be an appropriate method
for building a persona. While a persona should be built using a mix of methods—
including segmentation analysis from surveys -depth interviews with individuals
in an identified persona can provide the details that help describe the culture,
whether it’s a person living with Multiple Sclerosis, a prospective student applying
for college, or a working mom.
3. Phenomenological
For example, there’s been an explosion in the last 5 years in online courses
and training. But how do students engage with these courses? While you can
examine time spent and content accessed using log data and even assess
student achievement vis-a-vis in-person courses, a phenomenological study
would aim to better understand the students experience and how that may impact
comprehension of the material.
4. Grounded Theory
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5. Case Study
Source: https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/
The qualitative paradigm suggests that there are multiple realities, and what
we are researching are constructs. In qualitative research, generally the
phenomenon is studied in its natural setting and the focus is on the participants’
(and also the researcher’s) view of the world. In other words, qualitative research
usually does not happen in a lab, or while sitting at a desk. It generally requires
going out, talking to people, observing what they do, as well as how they perceive
and interpret things. Also, it does not aim to generalize findings to entire
populations. Therefore, the research question that you ultimately choose guides
your inquiry and reflects this stance. The vocabulary of your questions will usually
suggest to the reader your intent to explore a certain phenomenon in its natural
context.
The process of crafting a good research question can begin with writing down
a qualitative purpose statement regarding your research. When accomplishing this
try using words such as explore, understand, discover. Your purpose statement
can also mention the participants and the research site. An example of a purpose
statement would be: The purpose of this study is to explore how online tools can
help with dieting.
The purpose statement can then be used to develop your research question,
which narrows down your purpose statement and makes it more specific. For the
previous statement, the research question could be:
Grounded theory:
What are the attitudes of elderly people with stroke towards the daily use of
assistive devices and technologies?
Phenomenology:
What role does the therapist’s spirituality play in the treatment of his or her
patients?
How do female high school teachers who have been physically assaulted by
students overcome their fears so they can effectively teach?
Ethnography:
How do adolescent Latinas/Latinos conceptualize classroom participation
processes shape active oral participation?
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Narrative inquiry:
How does a good everyday life come about when living with chronic
rheumatic conditions?
Case study:
What strategies are being used by small businesses that have effective and
viable workplace wellness programs?
Source:
Agee, J. (2009). Developing qualitative research questions: a reflective
process. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education. 22(4), 431-447.
Worthington, M. (n.d.) Differences between phenomenological research and a basic
qualitative research design. Retrieved
from http://a1149861.sites.myregisteredsite.com/DifferencesBetweenPhenomenological
ResearchAndBasicQualitativeResearchDesign.pdf
#1 – Survey Research
Using the survey research as the method of research, an organization
conducting survey ask different survey questions from the respondents using the
various types like online surveys, online polls paper questionnaires, etc and then
collect data and analyze collected data in order to produce the numerical results.
#2 – Causal-Comparative Research
Causal-Comparative Research method is used to draw conclusions with
respect to the cause and effect equation between the two or more than two
variables, where the one variable will be dependent on other variables which will
be independent.
#3 – Experimental Research
This analysis is done for the purpose of proving or for disproving the
statement. It is generally used in the field of natural sciences or in the field of social
sciences as in those areas various statements are there which required to be
proved as right or wrong
#4 – Correlation Research
Correlation Research conducted for establishing a relationship between the
two closely associated entities for knowing the impact of one on other and the
changes which eventually observed. It is carried for giving value to the naturally
occurring relationships. For this research minimum, two different groups will be
required.
Source: https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/quantitative-research/
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What are typical quantitative research questions?
Quantitative research questions are generally used to set the scene for an
entire study or industry report. For quantitative business research it is imperative
that the research questions used allow your respondents to answer succinctly.
With that in mind there are three common types of quantitative research questions:
Let’s take a look in greater detail at the typical formats you can use when
preparing quantitative market research questions.
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On the whole, a comparative research question will only be used to quantify a
single variable, but depending on the needs of your market research it’s plausible to
use two or more if necessary.
Source: https://www.bl.uk/business-and-ip-centre/articles/what-are-typical-
quantitative-research-questions
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Sampling is a process through which the researcher selects a portion or segment
from the population at the center of the researcher’s study. The population is a
group of persons or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of
interest to the researcher, and about which the researcher seeks to learn more.
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Rubrics : Creativity - 10%
Critical Thinking - 20%
Appropriateness - 20%
Content - 30%
Organization - 20%
Total - 100%
Make a Venn Diagram that illustrates the significant difference and similarities
of quantitative and qualitative research.
Use appropriate graphic organizer to compare and contrast the kinds of
qualitative/quantitative research.
Additional Tasks
Reflect your chosen research title/problem, then, decide for the appropriate
research design.
Task 1: Research Title/Problem: ____________________________________
Cooling Down
I. Identification
Instruction: Provide the correct answer of each item by using the blank provided
before each number.
___________1. It is a research which is primarily expository.
___________2. It generates numerical data data that can be transformed into
usable statistics.
___________3. Here, the researcher immerse in the target participants’
environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges,
motivations, and themes that emerge.
___________4. This approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually
from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story.
___________5. This describes an event, activity, or phenomenon
___________6. It provides an explanation or theory behind the events
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___________7. It involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data
sources. Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or
describing an event.
___________8. It is used to develop your research question, which purpose is to
explore how online tools can help the dieting,
___________9. “How does a good everyday life come about when living with
chronic rheumatic conditions?” is what kind of qualitative
research question?
___________10. “What are the attitudes of elderly people with stroke towards the
daily use of assistive devices and technologies?” is an example
of what qualitative methodology?
___________11. Using this as the method of research, an organization conducting
survey ask different survey questions from the respondents using
the various types like online surveys, online polls paper
questionnaires, etc and then collect data and analyze collected
data in order to produce the numerical results.
___________12. It is used to draw conclusions with respect to the cause and effect
equation between the two or more than two variables, where the
one variable will be dependent on other variables which will be
independent.
__________13. This analysis is done for the purpose of proving or for disproving
the statement. It is generally used in the field of natural sciences
or in the field of social sciences as in those areas various
statements are there which required to be proved as right or
wrong.
__________14. This is conducted for establishing a relationship between the two
closely associated entities for knowing the impact of one on other
and the changes which eventually observed. It is carried for giving
value to the naturally occurring relationships. For this research
minimum, two different groups will be required.
__________15. These are designed to uncover a respondent’s response towards
a particular question or variable.
__________16. These are designed to help you identify clear differences between
two or more groups based on one or more variables.
__________17. It is a research question that can be misleading to some as it
doesn’t mean you’ve got to ask respondents about their love life.
II. Enumeration.
Instruction: Enumerate the items asked and write your answers on a
separate answer sheet.
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III. Essay
Instruction: Answer the following questions briefly.
46-50. Write in your own words one (1) paragraph description of either quantitative
or qualitative research design. Include its relevance in your research problem and how
it will assist you to qualify the data gathered.
Learning Challenge
Points to Ponder
When you conduct Qualitative research, you need to qualify the data from
observation, key-informant/s or focused group discussion by describing or
projecting images or figures into words. While using Quantitative research, as
the name implies, is gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques.
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Answer Key
WARMING UP
1. Self- check the flow chart prepared earlier.
Additional Tasks
Task 1: Answer may vary.
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COOLING DOWN: Answer Key
I. Identification
1. Qualitative Research Design 10. Grounded Theory
2. Quantitative Research Design 11. Survey Research
3. Ethnography 12. Causal-Comparative research
4. Narrative 13. Experimental research
5. Phenomenological 14. Correlation research
6. Grounded theory 15. Descriptive survey question
7. Case Study 16. Comparative research
8. Purpose Statement questions
9. Narrative Inquiry 17. Relationship based
II. Essay
29-30.
31.35.
36-40. Answers may vary
41.-45.
46-50.
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References
https://www.snapsurveys.com/blog/qualitative-vs-quantitative-research/
https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/quantitative-research/
https://measuringu.com/qual-methods/
https://www.bl.uk/business-and-ip-centre/articles/what-are-typical-quantitative-
research-questions
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