Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion: Quarter III-IV Module 1
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion: Quarter III-IV Module 1
Immersion
Quarter III-IV Module 1
The 3 I’s: Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion module is a way of realizations that come along
their life such as the different issues which surrounds them. This query is the act of asking for
information that leads to exploration and absorption.
This module is designed to enhance and develop the minds of the young people to understand the
subject well in agreement with Open High School Program (OHSP) of Region II Philippines.
Learning Objective:
1. The learner prepares a plan and focus on issues and ideas in their respective field.
What to do:
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LESSON 1. Natural Inquiry
An inquiry is a method that has the aim of extending knowledge, undertaking doubt, or solving a
problem. A theory of inquiry is an interpretation of the various types of inquiry and an action of the
ways that each type of inquiry attains its aim.
Now, to give you an idea on how to prepare for research, you may do the inquiry-based learning using the
following steps mention below:
Brainstorming is a way of inquiring ideas which will help you to develop concepts and focusing
technique by asking questions and knowing the interests of the persons involve in the said issues. The
potential ideas can be visualized for interpretations.
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Activity 1.1. Conceptualized Idea
To unlock the challenges, would you be interested in joining? Let`s do the following:
1. Mind mapping
To come up with best idea/s think of a problem regarding your chosen field of specialization as a
senior high school student. This can be done through visual by drawing pictures or illustrating your ideas
with suggested solution/s. For example, you are in the Accountancy and Business Management (ABM)
strand, you observed that your school canteen food products display was not saleable. Questions run in
your mind on why is it happening. You may list or illustrate some possible solutions of the low sale of
products in your school canteen. You can explore these collective ideas and reveal better understanding.
Abstract is allowed to envision in your mind possible solutions.
2. Mnemonic Ideas
What’s the right thing to say about the issue?
Behind mnemonic idea/s about the issues in their chosen field is a great realization to describe at
different angles.
Write the chosen issue below in your respective strand.
Describe how it happens.
Issue ____________________________________________
Descriptions of realizations
1. ________________________________________
2. ________________________________________
3. ________________________________________
4. ________________________________________
5. ________________________________________
You`ve been looking for a better idea but to agree a common interest more details of the
issue should prevail.
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3. Shout out ideas
Tell the different issues in the society regarding their chosen field and write it inside the boxes.
You may shout out their ideas based on the agreed issue through writing it on your note pad.
Example below:
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Inquiries, Investigation and
Immersion
Quarter III-IV Module 2
It deals with identifying the inquiry and stating of the problem. It walks the students towards
designing a research project related to daily life, describing justifications or reasons for conducting the
research stating the background of the problem, presenting the Conceptual Framework, stating the Research
Hypothesis, presenting a written statement of the problem, asserting the definition of terms, stating the
Importance of the study, and determining scope and delimitation of the study.
After going completed this module, you are able and expected to:
1. Explain the background of the study
2. Formulate the conceptual framework
3. Formulate clearly statement of research problem
4. State research definition of terms
5. Write a statement of the problem showing the following parts:
Importance of the study
Scope and delimitation of the study
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Background of the Problem
1
After you have carefully written your previous activities and perhaps ran it through your associates
though a many of times. While there are many elements for your readers is the background of the study. The
background of your study will provide context to the information discussed throughout the research process.
The background information of your study may include both important and relevant studies.
Furthermore, the background of the study will deliberate your statement of the problem, rationale,
and research questions. It links the introduction to your research study and guarantees a logical flow of
ideas. Thus, it helps readers understand and comprehend your reasons and explanations for conducting the
study.
In today’s generation, a lot of problems have been emerging in our society and the most common
problem that humans are facing right now is about the environmental concerns, specifically the solid waste
which includes the biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Waste can be defined to be as those materials that
are no longer needed at some point. Biodegradable waste are those that can be easily decomposed while
non-biodegradable waste are those that cannot be broken and decomposed in which these will remain stable
indefinitely. Moreover, non-biodegradable waste brings problem to our environment.
Activity 2.1: Writing Exercise: On the different parts of the Background of the Problem
1. On the topic that you have chosen, write a Background of the Problem based on the things you’ve
learned on the topic provided.
Conceptual Framework 2
Researchers create and generate theoretical and conceptual frameworks that comprise a philosophical
and methodological model to help and aid to design their work.
A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts that can be
applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed in order to come up with the
desired goal. It is necessary to make conceptual and theoretical distinctions and organize ideas. Strong and
resilient conceptual frameworks capture and apprehend something real and do this in a way that is easy to
remember and apply.
The theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic standards and procedures that
validates the authenticity of the study. They also proposed an explanation and clarification of why the study
is relevant and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature.
As written by Maria Magher, a conceptual framework is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint. It provides
an outline of how you plan to conduct the research of your thesis, but it goes further than that by also
positioning your work within the larger field of research.
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a. Conduct a Literature Review
Before you can have your own research, you need to understand and comprehend what research
has already been conducted on your topic of interest and curiosity. Conducting a literature review
can help you to refine your central argument or hypothesis. You must also conduct and gather the
literature review to be able to place and organize your work within the larger and greater area of
study in your conceptual framework. Your framework should present the relevant research ad
show how your work will help to advance the field.
c. Write a Narrative
Conceptual frameworks don’t have to include a diagram or graphic. You can always present the
same information and evidences by writing a narrative. Your narrative should recap the variables
influencing your research and explore how they may change the hypothesis. The narrative should
also explain and enlighten the basic methodology for your research. If you include a diagram in
your conceptual framework, a narrative should also be included explaining these details for those
who prefer more in-depth information. Bolded headers to separate the sections of your narrative
and to create a visual order of information.
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Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram showing the perimeter of the study.
Activity 2.2. Writing Exercise: Make your own Conceptual Framework
Directions: On the topic that you have chosen, make a Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
based on the things that you’ve learn on the lesson using the figure below and make a narrative regarding
the relationship of your variables based on the topic you’ve chosen.
Research Hypothesis
The hypothesis in your study, you are predicting the relationship between two variables.
Following are some hints for the formulation of your hypothesis.
1. Be certain to read on the subject matter to explain with it before making a final decision
2. As noted, a research hypothesis is more than just a topic. It has two elements (variables) that
are in relation to each other. Your hypothesis is what you propose to “prove” by your research. As a
outcome of your research, you will arrive at a conclusion, a theory, or understanding that will be
useful or applicable beyond the research itself.
3. Avoid judgmental and critical words in your hypothesis.
4. Your hypothesis must involve an issue or question that cannot be answered exclusively by the
discipline of law.
5. Be certain that each term I your hypothesis is clearly understood and defined, do not deal in
generalities or assume that the reader knows the meaning of the technical term.
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6. Specify, if appropriate, whether you will be dealing with state or federal law or both on a
comparative basis if appropriate.
7. Know that your hypothesis may change over time as your research progresses.
You must obtain the professor’s approval of your hypothesis, as well as any modifications to your
hypothesis, before proceeding with any work on the topic.
Directions:
1. Go back on the sample given.
2. Choose the topic that you’ve chosen, write a statement on the Research Hypothesis on your
chosen topic.
A. Research Hypothesis
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Marshall and Rossman (1995) explain clearly the purposes of the problem statement or inquiry.
1. To describe the substantive focus of the research study
2. To frame it as
a. A larger theoretical policy
b. A practical problem and thereby, develop its significance
3. To pose initial research questions
4. To forecast the literature to be discussed in the second section and
5. To discuss the limitations of the study.
Let us suppose that in the course of your reading a newspaper, you come across in the article that
interested you that you decided to do a qualitative research on the problem discussed in the article. This is a
preliminary procedure which will lead you to a statement of the problem.
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Activity 2.4. Directions: 1. Do a close reading of the following article:
New York- Sammie, a shy 13-year old from New Jersey, stepped out of the shower and pulled a plain gray
T-shirt. She left her hair wet and decided not to apply makeup. Careful not to wake up her family, she
looked into the camera and spoke in a low whisper. “People at my school and camp say that I’m the ugliest
person they’ve ever seen, “she said,” and that I could be the ugliest person that could ever be living.”
“Be honest and tell me if I am ugly or not,” she continued. “I can take it, but please don’t say really mean
stuff.” She titled the video, “Am I ugly or pretty?” and like thousands of other young girls who have made
similar videos, uploaded it YouTube. Several months, 72,000 views and more than 2,000 comments later,
she was no less insecure about appearance, she said in a telephone interview in December 2013.
But she had learned a lot about the cruelty of people. “I don’t like to look at that video anymore,” she said.
“It makes me upset
2. You decide to do a qualitative research on this topic of interest and you come up with a specific
problem:
Introduction
Taking selfies or video of oneself has become a social phenomenon that has been brought about by
the use of modern gadgets, particularly the mobile phone-adolescents take pictures or videos of themselves,
their possessions, their latest happenings or gigs, their friends, their food-anything, anyone they take a fancy
on, anywhere, anytime. A good number of people say that this social phenomenon has evolved into
narcissism. There is, to date, a dearth of research on this topic.
Activity 2.5: Writing Exercise: Make your own Statement of the Problem.
Directions:
1. Go back on the sample given.
2. Choose another topic and again, write a specific statement or inquiry showing the following:
This portion discusses how to write this section and provides an example to illustrate the different
techniques. In actual fact, the section on significance of the study provides information to the reader on how
the study will contribute. It must be exactly stated, however, what the study will contribute and who will
benefit from it.
The researcher believed that the result of this study will help the following assess the 4Ps program and
its effect to the performance of the pupils.
The Department of Social Welfare and Development. The researcher believes that the result of this study
will be of great importance to the department since they are the ones monitoring the 4Ps program. May this
study serve as the basis in the modification of the conditions in giving cash grants
The Administrators. The result of the study would be the basis of constructing and implementing new
and innovative teaching aids to help teachers fully supervise and assess the pupils to achieve their full
potential, since children are financially supported in their studies by the government.
The Teachers. The result of this study may help the teacher in constructing and developing new teaching
strategies to help the students in their performance and be mindful that even if students are provided and
supported by government, they still need equal guidance to perform well in school. The factors affecting the
performance of the students may also help the teacher as their basis in making daily lessons.
The Parents. The result of this study will inform the parents that their guidance is a big impact on the
performance of the students in school.
The Students. May the result of this research helps the student in understanding that coming to school
daily may be a guarantee that they will also have good academic performance. And may the result give them
the overview of how the government is supporting their studies and that they must do their part by studying
well.
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Activity 2.6. Writing Exercise: Writing a statement on the Significance or the Importance of the Study.
Directions:
On the topic you’ve chosen, write a specific statement regarding the Significance or the Importance
of the study.
1. This study covers only those families in Barangay San Jose, Pasig City, benefited by the
government’s Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.
2. This study includes only those English freshman classes that use both Blended Learning and
standard ways of Language teaching.
Activity 2.7. Writing Exercise: On the Scope and Limitation of the Study.
Directions:
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Definition of Terms
Glossary of Research Terms- this glossary is intended to assist you in understanding commonly used
terms and concepts when reading, interpreting, and evaluating scholarly research in the social sciences.
a. Conceptual Definition
Refers to the dictionary meaning.
b. Operational Definition
Is the meaning of the concept or terms as used in a particular study.
It is the product of education- the degree to which a This is a program that transfers cash, largely to
student, teacher or organization has attained their deprived families, on the circumstance that those
educational goals. It is dignified by the final grade families make prespecified funds in the human
earned in the course. assets of their kids.
Directions:
1. On the topic chosen, write a specific statement using the different Types and Functions of
Definition of Terms.
A. Conceptual Definition:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
B. Operational Definition
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Inquiries, Investigation and
Immersion
Quarter III-IV Module 3
Review of Related Literature has always been an important and critical part of a
research paper. In this section, the different researches, articles, journals and all other
publications related to the chosen research topic will be identified, located, summarized and
analyzed.
At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
a. define and distinguish the definition, characteristics and mechanism of the
review of related literature;
b. formulate review of related literature for their respective research studies; and
c. Appreciate the importance of the review of related literatures in completing
research studies.
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LESSON 1. SELECTION OF RELATED LITERATURES
In identifying a possible source of your RRL, you can refer to the following
characteristics below:
1. The sources that you should use must be new or recent as possible.
2. It must be unbiased and objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your topic.
4. It must be in adequate number, not too few nor too many.
Activity 3. Directions: Visit your school library and look for writings or materials that are
possible sources of your literatures for your chosen research topic. List as many sources as
possible. Make an outline of your activity using the table below:
Source Details
Example:
1. Textbook on Food Handling Author: Jane C. dela Cruz
Date Published: 2010
Publisher: MCA Publishing House
Place of Publishing: Manila City, PHL
After identifying your research title, crafting your Introduction and finding your
possible sources for your literatures, the next thing that must be truly considered by a researcher
is the means of citing his/her used literatures. Proper citation of a source is important for you to
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avoid complications and problems on the authenticity of your data once your paper is already
published.
Citation, in research, is defined as a means of informing your readers that a certain
information came from a specific source and you just borrowed it to widen the explanation of a
certain situation or data of your research. When citing literatures, you as the researcher, must
see to it that information borrowed from other authors are properly cited. The means of proper
citation is shown below.
Citing of sources comes in two (2) manners, namely: a) in-text citation and b) referencing list.
a. In-text citation refers to all of the citations that can be found in all of the chapters in
your research paper. The commonly used information in this manner of citation are the
following:
i. Author’s name
ii. Date of the publication of the source iii. The page
number where you found the information.
b. Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper.
This holds the summary of the information of all of your sources. Information needed in
making the referencing list involves the following:
i. Author’s name ii. Date of the publication of the source.
iii. The page number where you found the information.
i. Publisher
ii. Place of Publishing
iii. Volume vii. Edition viii. Other relevant information
In the in text- citation of author(s) of the related literatures, three (3) guidelines should be
considered, namely: a) by author or writer, b) by topic and c) chronological means of citation.
a. By author or writer
In this method of citation, all your data and information, facts, ideas or
-
principles from your sources are discussed or explained separately.
- Example:
Cruz (2002) states that research is …
Dela Torre (2005) described conduct of research as …
- In this example, it is evident that by using by author or writer method, the
information coming from a specific author will be discussed separately from the
others.
b. By topic
- This method of citation is used when a number of authors or sources gives the
same information about a certain topic. The citation of the information will be
granted to all of the authors.
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- Example:
Accordingly, research is … (Rio, 2000; Luna & Magsaysay, 2005).
- In this example, the authors (Rio, Luna and Magsaysay) shared the same
information about research. When you are going to use this information, make
sure to cite ALL of the authors that published this said information.
c. Chronological
- Citing literatures using the chronological method involves sequencing the
information based on the year it was published.
- Example:
Yu (2005) states that … Ang (2007)
discussed all about …
Chu (2010) deliberated regarding …
- In this example, the sources are arranged chronologically from the earliest to the
latest.
In citing literatures, you as a researcher, must see to it that citations of your sources are
done correctly. Citations styles are referred to as the format of the information needed during
the citation. There are three (3) most common citation styles that are used to cite sources,
namely: a) American Psychological Association (APA), b) Modern Language Association
(MLA) and c) Chicago Manual of Style (CMS). These three citation styles will be thoroughly
discussed on the proceeding discussions.
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By topic: Accordingly, … (Kim & Lee, 2009)
In the by topic manner, the word “and” will be replaced by a symbol “&”
which is known as the ampersand. The authors’ surname and the year of
publishing is separated by comma (,).
III. APA Citation for works with three (3) to five (5) authors
The information needed in this number of authors are still the authors’
surname and the year of publication. The format varies on the manner of citation
used and the frequency of its usage.
Examples:
By author: Kim, Lee, Young and Yu (2015) discussed …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim, Lee, Young&Yu,2015).
In the by topic manner, the replacement of the word “and” to “&” is still
applicable. Still, authors’ surname and the year of publication will be separated
using a comma.
If you wish to use the same source for a multiple time, different format
will be followed.
Examples:
By author: Kim et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Kim et al., 2015).
In this format, the citation will be shortened by sustaining the first author
and replacing the others by the word “et al.” which means “and others”. In “et
al.”, the period will be placed only after the “al.”.
I. APA Citation for works with six (6) to ten (10) authors
Citing literature with this number of authors follows the following
format:
Examples:
By author: Lee et al. (2015) discussed that …
By topic: Today’s generation … (Lee et al., 2015).
This format will be used in all of the citations made.
II. APA Citation for works with associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.
as the author
In this case, the associations, corporations, government agencies will
serve as the author. The year of publication is still needed.
Examples:
By author: According to the Department of Education
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(2012) …
By topic: The education is … (Department of Education,
2012).
V. APA Citation for websites with author but without year published
To cite these sources, date will be abbreviated by “n.d.”, which means
“no date”.
Examples:
By author: Green (n.d.) stated that …
By topic: Accordingly, … (Green, n.d.)
I. APA Citation for websites without author and year published
To cite these sources, use the title of the enclosed with quotation marks
(“) in lieu to the author, and write “n.d.” to specify no date.
Examples:
By author: “The Hydrosphere” (n.d.) …
By topic: Accordingly, … (“The Hydrosphere, n.d.)
Activity 3.1. Directions: Determine whether the following is using APA, MLA or CMS Citation
Styles. Write your answers on the space provided.
Item Citation Style Used
1. The earth is ……. (Robinson, 2011)
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LESSON 3. SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE
Now that you have already gathered your sources for your review of related literature,
the next step to accomplish your Chapter II is to extract the important and relevant information
that you can use to compose this chapter.
This lesson focuses on discussing the ways of how you are going to write your synthesis
based on the related literatures that you have gathered for the activities in the 1 st and 2nd lesson
of this module. This lesson will teach you how to segregate relevant and non-relevant
information, extract main ideas from your sources and know how to prepare a synthesis matrix.
Example:
Explanatory Synthesis:
According to the Divine Creation Theory, the world was made by the Almighty. All
creatures made into life through his power. He crafted the universe in just 6 days. He made the
human beings from sand and blessed it with life through his own breath.
Argument Synthesis:
The world is made through evolution and scientific reactions, wherein all living creatures
undergone series of mutations and reactions to become what it is right now. This statement is
supported by the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection which is published by Charles
Darwin.
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Lesson 3.2. Categories of Sources
The sources for the data and information for the crafting of your Review of Related Literature
is categorized into four (4).
1. Documents- these sources include those materials that are written or printed such as
books, reports etc. This source can come in a published or nonpublished state.
2. Numerical records- This source is considered as a subcategory of documents. This
source includes numerical data in printed form such as census reports, school budgets,
etc.
3. Oral statements- Stories, myths, legends, songs and other form of oral data composes
this type of source.
4. Relics- this source commonly composes information about the history.
After defining what is synthesis, knowing its types and categories of its sources, you are
now leading to making your own synthesis for your Review of Related Literature Chapter. To
write your synthesis, Prieto et al. (2017) suggested ways that you must follow.
1. You must consider your purpose in writing.
2. You must select and read carefully your sources, according to your purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis. It is the main ideas that you want to present in your synthesis.
4. Decide how will you use your source materials and take down notes.
5. Develop an organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis.
When you are going to write your synthesis, you can use these following techniques as
your guide.
1. Summary- the simplest way of organizing a synthesis. When using this technique, you
are going to write the most relevant information and sources you gathered.
2. Example or illustration- it is a technique wherein you are going to synthesize
information by giving examples and illustrations of your specific information.
3. Two (or more) Reasons- this technique basically includes presenting the thesis and
supporting it with reasons why it is factual.
4. Comparison and Contrast- In using this technique, you are going to show the
similarities and differences of two or more data.
Once all data and sources are already gathered, you are now ready to synthesize your
information. To make this, a synthesis matrix is suggested. This matrix will guide you on how
are you going to synthesize your data and information and will help you easily craft your
Review of Related Literature. Below is an example of a synthesis matrix.
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Topic: __________________________________________
In using this synthesis matrix, you must understand the important terminologies. The
Topic above refers to your respective research topic, and must be filled up before starting your
synthesis. The Main Idea A, B, n refers to the possible sections of your RRL. You are going to
write the things that can possibly affect your research. Example, if your topic would be
focusing on the effectiveness of different teaching strategies towards the learning progress of
students in VNHS, you can use teaching strategies as one of the main ideas. These main ideas
can help you to find what are the needed and relevant information for your RRL. You can have
as many main ideas as you can, provided that this is related to your research topic. The Sources
nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, n, on the other hand, refers to the sources of your information. In this area, you
need to take note of all the details of your sources to be used for your citation. It would be
better to have many sources because it will give you a variety of information and can help you
elaborate more of your main idea. Now that you know the definition, types, categories of
sources and techniques in writing a synthesis, you are now ready to make your own!
Activity 3.2. Directions: Using the outputs from your preceding activities, make the synthesis of
your research study using the matrix.
Topic: __________________________________________
Main Idea D
Main Idea E
Main Idea F
Main Idea G
Main Idea H
Main Idea n
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LESSON 4. WRITING COHERENT REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
The previous lessons of this module guided you on the preparation for crafting your RRL.
These preceding lessonsimparted knowledge on what is Review of Related Literature, how to
select relevant literatures, how to make citations and how to synthesize information coming
from a relevant source. At this moment, we are going to move forward to another lesson which
focuses on writing coherent review of related literatures. In pursuing this lesson, you need to
apply your learnings from the 1st activity of this module as we are now going to craft your
Review of Related Literature.
Prieto et al. (2017) crafted the following rules that you can use in order to produce a quality
RRL.
Rule 1. Define the topic and the audience. When defining a topic, consider factors such as
interest, importance and recency.
Rule 2. Search and re-search reference list.
Rule 3. Prepare a conceptual diagram of the need for the different types of literature review.
Rule 4. Take notes while reading.
Rule 5. Choose the type of review you wish to write.
Rule 6. Keep the review focused and make it of broad interest.
Rule 7. Be critical and consistent.
Rule 8. Find a logical structure.
Rule 9. Make use of feedback.
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In presenting your review of related literature, the following states are recommended to
showcase coherency.
1. There appears to be strong evidence that …
2. The literature has shown …
3. The foregoing literatures have shown …
4. The data supporting the hypothesis are …
Another pointer in crafting a coherent review of related literature is to use an index card.
Index card is one if the most handy and effective research tools what will help you in
organizing your information for this chapter. Here’s how to use your index cards.
1. Make a separate card for each source.
2. Give each source a racking number.
3. For a book, include the author, title, date and place of publication and publisher.
4. For a periodical, also include the page numbers of the article.
5. For a website, include the title, the sponsors and authors or editors, if known; the
site and date when it was created or updated and the date when you access the site.
In using an index card, you must see to it that you have the following information:
1. Where you found the information
2. Topic
3. Paraphrased information found
4. Page you found the fact on
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LESSON 5. USE OF ETHICAL STANDARDS IN CITING RELATED LITERATURES
Ethical standards have been a significant subject in the research field. Ethical standards help
researchers in maintaining their integrity. In research, it is defined as a means of making rights
decisions relating to the conduct of the study. Some researchers consciously or unconsciously
break some ethical standards leading to some complications.
This lesson focuses on educating you, as a researcher of the different ethical standards that
each researcher must consider before doing a research study.
Ethics in research can be defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between
acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. It can also be defined as a process of applying moral
standards and principles in any undertaking. In general, the ethics in research is used so that a
researcher will be able to define right from wrong doings.
Ethics serves a very vital role in conducting a research study. It can keep the researcher
from committing misconduct while seeking knowledge and truth, and respecting and protecting
the rights of the respondents-humans and animals. Ethics also promotes essential values that
helps researcher to have a common understanding and work on a topic harmoniously. Also,
ethics binds different experts together in the spirit of important values such as accountability,
cooperation, coordination, mutual respect and fairness, among others.
Ethics in research follows eight (8) principles. These principles must be taken seriously by
each researcher to secure an ethical study.
1. Honesty- a researcher must secure honesty in producing his/her study. Transparency is
the key in upholding honesty in research. Researchers must see to it that all borrowed
intellectual property must be cited accurately.
2. Objectivity- Researchers must see to it that she/he is free from any form of bias in all
aspects of his/her research paper.
3. Integrity- The researcher must secure that the study holds sincerity and consistency. The
researchers must see to it that all of the parts promised and presented during the
presentation of the proposal must be kept
4. Carefulness- The researcher must see to that the conduct of the study must be free from
any carelessness and errors of negligence. All-important data must be kept for future
uses.
5. Openness- Researches must see to it that they are open-minded persons wherein they
can accept suggestions from others and they can handle constructive criticism.
6. Respect for intellectual property- A good researcher must see to it that she/he practices
respect for intellectual property. This principle can be executed upon proper citation off
borrowed statements and giving dur credit to the owner.
7. Trustworthiness- A researcher must secure that he/she is maintaining his/her
trustworthiness. The researchers must see to it that any data or information in the
research, especially those data from surveys and other data gathering procedures, must
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be used according to its proper and allotted usage only. The researchers must also keep
the confidentiality of every data gathered and must protect its privacy.
8. Social and legal responsibility- A researcher must abide with the legalities, rules and
regulations set by his/her partner institution or organization
The need for ethics is very vital in research because of these reasons:
1. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of error.
2. Norms promote the values that are essential to collaborative work such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect and fairness. They also protect intellectual property
interests and encourage confidentiality even in collaboration.
3. Norms ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. To a certain extent,
they draw parameters within which what ideas to write and how they should be written.
4. Norms promote a variety of other important moral and social values. Ethical lapses in
research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students and the public.
5. Norms help build public support for research. This happens when individuals and
organizations believe in the integrity and credibility of the researcher/s, they offer
funding for the project.
For you to further understand the function of ethics in research, here are some terminologies
that may aid you:
1. Ethical relativism- this refers to the view that values are relative in the sense that a
person feels his/her value is better than any other person’s value.
2. Ethical principles- this term refers to values that are translated into rules or standard of
conduct.
3. Ethical dilemma- this refers to situations where there is an evident conflict between
values and principles and the choice of action needs to be decided.
Upon the absence of Ethics in conducting your research, you might be able to do some
unethical deeds commonly known as a scientific misconduct. The following are the possible
scientific misconducts that can be done in research:
1. Fabrication and falsification of data- also known as “cooking of data”. This scientific
misconduct involves producing data without an actual experimentation or altering data
in recording for the intention to fit them to what are expected.
2. Non-publication of data- In contrast with fabrication and falsification, nonpublication of
data involves choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-
established body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the
results that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published.
3. Faulty data gathering procedures- It is referred to as a negligence or carelessness lead to
errors in measurement or faulty research instruments. Error may also be caused by
inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data recording.
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4. Plagiarism- It is a fraudulent act that involves claiming another person’s ideas, work or
publication.It is a form of intellectual property stealing and dishonesty that usually
happens in scientific publications. There are four types of Plagiarism.
a. Copy and Paste Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism involves copying information
word-by-word without giving due credit to the source. Copy and paste plagiarism
can be avoided upon enclosing the borrowed words with quotation marks (“) and
properly citing the author.
b. Mosaic Plagiarism- this is defined by changing only some words in the copied
information. The sentence structure is still maintained.
c. Misattribution Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be done if an author wrongly
cited a specific information, maybe to the wrong authors or to the non-existing
authors.
d. Self-Plagiarism- this type of plagiarism can be committed if an author republishes
his/her own work. Self-plagiarism comes in two forms, duplication and replication.
Duplication can be committed once a researcher copies submits his/her without
proper citations. Replication, on the other hand, is a multiple case of duplication.
Activity 3.4.
Directions: Identify five (5) researchers in your local area, may it be a thesis writer, a research
assistant, a teacher teaching research subject, etc. Interview the researchers
regarding their experiences in applying ethical standards in research. Ask them
about the challenges that they have experienced during the conduct of their own
studies. Generalize the answer and make a conclusion. Follow the matrix below:
Name of the Occupation What are the ethical How did they Suggestions
Researcher with relevant to the challenges cope up with for future
signatures research that they have these researchers
experienced during the challenges
conduct of their
studies?
(Researcher #1)
(Researcher #2)
(Researcher #3)
(Researcher #4)
(Researcher #5)
LESSON 6.
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PRESENTING WRITTEN REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
After learning about that the definition, types, sources, methods of citation and even ethics
in the review of relate literature, it is now time for you to present your Chapter II. The
composition of your Review of Related Literature must abide with the standards and guidelines
set in the previous lessons. As a researcher, you must see to it that your review of related
literature must be functional and holds a big significance in explaining the future results of your
study.
The structure of your literature review greatly depends on the type of your research and your
research area. In your structure, topic areas, controversial issues or questions with varying
themes must be considered.
When combining information coming from different authors, linking words such as in
addition, again, similarity and also are commonly used. In contrary, when contrasting two or
more information, you must use phrases that highlights the contrast of these data. Critical notes
must be observed to delivered a good argument synthesis.
As a researcher, you must also take note that your research paper must be presented in a formal
and academic manner. Writing must be kept clear and concise. Objectivity must be observed
and respect for other’s works should be exercised. The following are characteristics of a good
literature review:
a. Focused- your RRL must be composed of information that are related to your research
topic.
b. Concise- ideas must be presented economically.
c. Logical- the flow of ideas and information must be based on logic. It should be smooth-
flowing.
d. Developed- your RRL must be composed of full and complete information.
e. Integrative- in instances of combining information, link between these ideas must be
evident. The contribution of the reviewed materials on the topic must also be shown.
f. Current- researchers must only use the new and trendy information about a research
topic.
In evaluating your Review of Related Literature, you can use these following questions:
1. Have you organized your material according to issues?
2. Is there a logic to the way you organized your material?
3. Does the amount of detail included on an issue relate to its importance?
4. Have you been sufficiently critical of design and methodological issues?
5. Have you indicated when results were conflicting or inconclusive and discussed
possible reasons?
6. Have you indicated the relevance of each reference to your research?
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Inquiries, Investigation and
Immersion
Quarter III-IV Module 4
The 3 I’s: Inquiry, Investigation and Immersion module is a way of realizations that come
along their life such as the different issues which surrounds them. This query is the act of
understanding ways to collect data using explicit processes or techniques used to recognize,
choose, process and analyze data about an issue.
Learning Objectives:
The learner describes adequately research design (either quantitative or qualitative), sample,
instrument used in quantitative research, data collection and analysis procedures.
Presents written research methodology.
Population A complete set of persons or objects that possess some common characteristic of
interest to the researcher.
Sample
A subset of the population that is chosen to represent the population.
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Research Design
The research design states to the whole approach that you decide on to add the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively
address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and
analysis of data. Note that your research problem determines the type of design you should use.
a. Quantitative Research: Methods that give emphasis to objective measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through samples,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by employing pre-existing statistical data using
computational techniques. Quantitative research concentrates on collecting numerical
data and simplifying it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon.
b. Qualitative Research: A systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences
and give them meaning. To gain insight; explore the depth, richness, and complexity
inherent in the phenomenon.
c. Quantitative research are: c.1. Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and
sampling polls to get a sense of behavior with intense precision. c.2. Correlational
research tests for the relationships between two variables. C.3. Causal-comparative
research looks to uncover a cause and effect relationship. This research is not conducted
between the two groups on each other.c.4. Experimental research is guided specifically
by a hypothesis.
d. Qualitative research are: d.1. Ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target
participants’ environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and
themes that emerge. d.2. Narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events,
usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. d.3. Phenomenological
study is an appropriate qualitative method when you want to describe an event, activity,
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or phenomenon d.4. Case study a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or
event which involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
To come up with the chosen design whether quantitative or qualitative research, think of
which best suites in the given title or topic to explore the collective ideas and picture out to
reveal better understanding. Abstract is allowed to envision the young minds.
General Direction: Make your own chapter 3 specifically the research design on the space
provided following the example given below.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presented the research design, research setting, respondents and sampling
procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical technique.
A. Research Design
This study utilized the descriptive-qualitative method in order to achieve the purpose of this
study - which is to determine and describe the experiences of women with breast cancer from
Thrive Breast Cancer Support Group in Cagayan de Oro City. It is descriptive in a sense that the
data obtained was analyzed and describe. Specifically use the phenomenological type that
describes the actual experiences of the women diagnosed with breast cancer.
The researchers used an interview guide questionnaire as instrument. Based on the result of
the survey tool conducted, researcher was able to determine the details of experiences of women
with breast cancer.
Guide Questions:
a. What design did you choose?
b. Describe the design and relate the use of which in your particular study.
c. Which specific type of the research design is being used in your study?
d. Why did you choose such type?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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That sounds nice! Do you want to continue?
Research Setting
What is research setting? The area where the investigator conducts the study.
B. Research Setting
The study was conducted in Macasandig, Cagayan de Oro City, one of the respondents’
house. The house has a big room where they usually held the group gathering. It can
accommodate up to 50 persons. The respondents were comfortable in sharing their experiences at
this place. The time frame for the study was from November 2016- October 2017.
Construct a research setting on the space provided:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
A good description of the place and specific details where the study took place is of
utmost important.
Population (Respondents)
Persons who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have
actually taken part in the study.
Sampling Procedure
Sampling Methods:
a. Random sampling is a technique which uses randomization to make sure that
every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample.
b. Stratified sampling is a technique which divides the elements of the population
into small subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements
within the group are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups
formed.
c. Convenience Sampling, here the samples are selected based on the availability.
d. Purposive sampling: This is based on the intention or the purpose of study.
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e. Quota sampling: This type of sampling depends of some preset standard. It selects
the representative sample from the population.
f. Referral/ Snowball sampling: This technique is used in the situations where the
population is completely unknown and rare.
Example below:
Upon the approval of the proposal by the research committee, the researchers secured a
permit to conduct this study from the Dean of College of Nursing. During the visit, the date of
the collections of the data from the respondents was set.
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The researchers gave an informed consent before the start of the interview. The
researchers used an interview guide questionnaires themselves to ask questions to the
respondents. The answers made by the respondents recorded and written on the interview guide
questionnaire as the data for this study. After gathering the data, the researchers collected and
made transcriptions of the gathered responses. After that, the researchers analyzed and
interpreted the data.
E. Statistical Techniques
The analysis interpretation of the gathered data was facilitating by used of the following
statistical measure.
1. The frequency and percentage counts used to describe the tabulated data for respondent
profile.
a. Percentage distribution Percentage % = f/n
Where %- percentage symbol
f- number of frequency responses
n- number of respondents
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Inquiries, Investigation and
Immersion
Quarter III-IV Module 5
Data is all around us, it`s everywhere and in every actions we do results in a new data and
information. Research data such us questionnaires, Focus Group Interview (FGI), Focus Group
Discussion (FGD) and other related documents should be collected, observed, or created for the
purpose of analysis to come up with an original research results. You cannot simply move into
conclusion in your research study without doing the correct process and methodology used in the
analysis and interpretation of your data gathered. In other words, data analysis, interpretation and
implications are needed. It is as important to a researcher like you as it is important for a doctor
to cure the sickness of the patient before giving him any treatment and medicines. Data analysis
help the researcher to come up to a valid and concrete conclusion.
This module will guide you on how to do the interpretation of data and descriptive data
analysis method. It contains some activities that can help you enhance your knowledge and skill
in data analysis and interpretation and implication. You can improve your hidden skills in this
area. You can make it.
At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
Interpretation of Data
Descriptive Data Analysis Method
Term Definition
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Research is any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to
data validate a research study.
Data a process that involves examining, and molding collected data for interpretation
analysis to discover relevant information, draw or propose conclusions and support
decision-making to solve a research problem.
Usually, many data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
incompletely or skip them. To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher should
conduct the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and clean out any
points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate results.
For example, an error could be fields in the data information that were left empty by
respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is important to ensure that empty
data/information will be removed or has to be filled in.
This is the number one significant process in data preparation. Data coding refers to
grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey. For example, if a
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researcher has interviewed 1000 people and now wants to find the average daily allowance of the
respondents, the researcher will create daily allowance brackets and categorize the daily
allowance of each of the respondent as per codes. For example,
Code 1- Php10.00 - below Php20.00 and Php20.00 – below Php3000
Code 2- Php10.00 – below Php20.00
Code 3- Php20.00 – below Php30.00 , etc
Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with simplified daily allowance, rather
than having many ranges of individual daily allowances.
Quantitative data interpretation comprises studying the results taken from various
questions in a survey. The results are commonly shown numerically and by percentage in the
data tables. After doing the three steps mention above, the data is now ready for the analysis. The
two most widely used quantitative data analysis methods are descriptive statistics and inferential
statistics.
Data collection comprises a major area of the research process. This data however has to
be analyzed to have it` s meaning. There are many methods of analyzing quantitative data
collected in surveys. They are:
Cross-tabulation. This is the most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods. It is the
most preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw inferences between different
data-sets of dependent and independent variable. It contains data that have some connection with
each other.
For quantitative data, raw data has to showed in a significant manner using analysis
methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed in order to find evidential/factual data that would
help in facilitating the research process.
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Range- the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics provide absolute/whole numbers. However, they do not explain the
reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to think
about which one is the most appropriate for your research question and what you want to present.
For instance, a percentage is a good way to present the age distribution of respondents.
It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant unless a
sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement.
Before any data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the
data as this will have a long-term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include:
Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help understand exactly what this
refers to:
As you can see in the above examples, there is a numerical value assigned to each are and
this is known as quantitative data.
Descriptive statistics are most helpful when the research is limited to the sample and does
not need to be generalized to a larger population. For example, if you are comparing the
percentage of adults vaccinated in four different barangays, then descriptive statistics is enough.
Since descriptive analysis is mostly used for analyzing single variable, it is often called
univariate analysis.
The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs to be done
correctly. Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources and tends to enter the analysis
process with tapsy turvy ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. While there
are several different types of processes that are implemented based on individual data nature, the
two broadest and most common categories are “quantitative analysis” and “qualitative analysis”.
Activity 5.1 Direction: Suppose a study is conducted to one of the companies in Solano, Nueva
Vizcaya to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence of one
barangays of Washington, Solano ages 22 to 60 years old. The following data were given.
Table 2 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age bracket of 21-
30 years old compared to only 9.3 percent in ages 51 – 61 years old and above and 21.33 percent
belonged to the 31- 40 age range.
This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic for the
Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). There is a much younger age cohort
of teachers entering the workforce.
There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and services.
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Female 145 38.67
Total 375 100
Table 2 shows that 61.33 percent of the respondents are female compared to 38.67
percent males. This is representative of the current gender distribution of the population in the
Philippines.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2015 of the total population in the
Philippines, 50.40% are males and the rest are females.
This gender distribution is common among most countries where male becomes more in
population than female (Skelton, 2012).
STOP! Now it`s your turn to answer the following questions below.
Supposes a study is conducted to one of the stores in your barangay to determine the
factors affecting customer preferences among the residences ages 22 to 60 years old. The
following data were given.
Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the
residence of one of the barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. What particular
data analysis method will you use?
______________________________________________________________________________
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Activity 5.2 Direction: Suppose you want to sell your product to of one of the school canteen of
Santa Fe National High School thus you conducted study to determine the factors affecting
consumer preferences of the students ages 16 to 19 years old. The following data were given.
Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 1. Remember to write
first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it
with your review of related literature.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5.3 The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data were
given below
Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 2. Remember to write first the
comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your
review of related literature.
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5.4 The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data were
given below:
Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 3. Remember to write first the
comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your
review of related literature.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence
of barangay Poblacion, Santa Fe, Nueva Vizcaya ages 22 to 60 years old. What particular data
analysis method will you use?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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Inquiries, Investigation and
Immersion
Quarter III-IV Module 6
This module contains some activities that can guide you on the appropriate method
analysis of data obtained, interpretation and presentation of results (if applicable).
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LESSON 1. Qualitative Data Interpretation Analysis Method
A research following a qualitative approach is an exploratory way of finding the
explanation of “how” and why of a certain event or phenomenon. Qualitative data is using
mostly non-numerical data like texts, videos, and peoples written or spoken words. We can
gather data from simple interviews transcripts, documents, blogs, observations, survey, and
focused group discussion using a specific structure or unstructured guides.
Terms to remember:
Individual interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and the
interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the
interviewee following a structured guidelines or pointers. As a researcher you can ask simple to
complex questions which are useful for exploring an individual’s beliefs, values, understandings,
feelings, experiences and perspective of an issue.
Questionnaires are series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering
information from respondents.
In Observation, a group or single participants are manipulated by the researcher, for example,
asked to perform a specific task or action. Observations are then used made for their user
behavior, user processes, workflow, etc. either in a controlled situation example in the laboratory
or in a real-world situation example in the classroom. It deals with actual encounter with
respondent particular activities of the day.
Themes are idea or categories that emerge from grouping of lower level data points
Coding are process of attaching labels to lines of text so that the researcher can group and
compare similar or related pieces of information .
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) is the range of process and procedures whereby we
move from the qualitative day that have been collected and procedures whereby we move from
the qualitative data that have been collected in to some form of explanation, understanding or
interpretation of the people and situations we are investigating.
There are some common ways to analyze qualitative data. These are content analysis,
discourse analysis, grounded theory, narrative, and thematic analysis. But in this module you will
just focused on thematic analysis which will deal with how to develop a coding theme.
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Content analysis
This is one of the most common methods to analyze qualitative data. It is used to analyze
documented information in the form of texts, media, or even physical items. When to use this
method depends on the research questions. Content analysis is usually used to analyze response
from interviewees.
Discourse analysis
Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to analyze interactions with people.
However, it focuses on analyzing the social context in which the communication between the
researcher and the respondent occurred. Discourse analysis also looks at the respondent’s day-to-
day environment and uses that information during analysis.
Grounded theory
This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a certain phenomenon happened. It
does this by studying a variety of similar cases in different settings and using the data to derive
causal explanations. Researchers may alter the explanations or create new ones as they study
more cases until they arrive at an explanation that fits all cases.
Narrative analysis
This method is used to analyze content from various sources, such as interviews of
respondents, observations from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories and
experiences shared by people to answer the research questions.
Thematic Analysis
In a thematic analysis of qualitative data, the researcher looks across all the data to
identify some recurring issues. Main themes that summarize all the views collected can be
derived from these issues. The main stages of thematic analysis are as follows:
Read and annotate transcript. In this stage, as a researcher you can have a feel for the data
because primary observations are provided. However, an overview of the data cannot be
achieved in this early stage.
Identify themes. In this stage, you can look at the data in details to identify themes. In each
transcript, you may note at the outset what the interviewee is trying to impart in his/her
responses. It is suggested that these themes must be enumerated and notes be made as abstract as
possible.
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Here is an example of a transcribed result of an interview conducted in Bulua National
High School to displaced learners during the Marawi siege. They were able to come up with
varied theme depending on the questions asked. This is a result based on one on one interview
INFORMANT 1
VERBATIM TRANSLATION THEME
I: Paano ka nakarecover sa nangyari I: How did you recover after the
sa Marawi siege?
P: Para sa akin, nakarecove rako sa P: For me, I have recovered from
nangyari sa Marawi. Magmula nung what happened in Marawi ever since RECOVERED
tumira kami dito sa Auntie ko, mas we started to live in my auntie
napalapit kami sa isa’t isa at nasanay because we became closer and we
din ako sa pamumuhay dito. started to get used to the way of
living here
I: May nagbago ba sa pamilya ninyo I: Is there any changes in your
magmula nung nangyari yun? family ever since that happened?
SEPARATION
P: Oo, kasi nagkahiwa hiwalay P: Yes, my family got separated
kaming pamilya nang dahil doon. because of what happened
I: Para sayo, may nagbago ba? I: How about you, is there any
changes?
STRONG
P: Para sa akin hindi. Kasi mas
FAITH
lumakas yung pananampalataya ko sa P: For me, no. Because my faith in
panginoon. God became even stronger
I: Anong natutunan mo matapos ang I: What have you learned after what
nangyari? happened? NOT
NEGLECTING
P: Yung natutunan ko ay, kahit nasa P: I have learned that, even though THE
Christian area ka, wag mo dapat you’re in a non-muslim area, you CULTURAL
kalimutan ang relihiyon mo at ang shouldn’t neglect the practive of PRACTICES
mga practice niyo sa relihiyon your religion
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Activity 6.1 Direction: Using the ideas presented above, you can now start working with your
research questions by using thematic analysis. You may start with one informant only. Using
five questions. You may use this format.
Verbatim Translation Theme
Interviewees Question
(I)
Participants Answer
(P)
Identifying Theme
If your research topic is using qualitative data, utilize the data you gather to develop and
identify theme. Otherwise, choose a topic relevant to your research and conduct an interview
using the interview protocol you learned in Practical Research 1. Follow the format of transcript
of informant below. You may limit your questions up to 5 or depending on the need of your
research.
Develop a coding scheme. Initial themes can be collected to develop a coding scheme. This
includes the enumerated themes and the codes applicable to the data. Each broad code have a
number of sub codes. It is recommended to use a coding scheme as soon as initial data have been
gathered.
Coding the data. The next step is applying these codes to the whole data set. This can be done
on either the margins of the transcripts or the statements in line. In an ideal setting, the whole set
of data should be coded to ensure honest and exhaustive analysis.
Get an idea of the entire set. After reading the transcriptions carefully, write down some ideas
as they arise in the margins and transcription
Select one interesting document. Choose the shortest and perhaps the most interesting
transcript, reread it and ask questions, “What is the respondent talking about?” Discern the
underlying meaning and jot down in the margins of the transcript.
Start the document coding process. Divide the transcript into segments, put brackets in each of
the segments, and give specific code to each phrase or word that exactly explains or describes the
meaning of the text segment.
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List all the code words. After coding the whole text, look for redundant codes by grouping the
similar ones. Through this process, the list of codes can be reduced into a more manageable
number. It is recommended to limit the number of codes from the start of the process, so that it is
easier to manage the reduction of code number.
Review the list against the data. Apply this preliminary organizing process to the same
transcripts and find out if the new codes appear.
Categorize the codes for emerging themes or descriptions of the subject or setting. Themes
or categories are the same codes combined together to identify major ideas in the data. Identify
five to seven categories representing the most discussed responses of the subjects. These few
themes will enable the researcher to write an in-depth information about a few themes, rather
than a broad description about many themes.
Steps in developing a coding theme. Use the “How to Analyze Data and Use Codes or
Categories” steps (Taylor-Powell and Renner 2003).
Get to know your data. Read your data very well and have a good grasp of the meaning that
each statement tries to convey. Open-coding, the initial coding, is the process of examining data
and finding themes that are apparent (Strauss and Corbin 1990).
Focus the analysis. Your participants might be giving pieces of information that are not related
or significant to your present study. Be sure to identify and disregard them.
Review the purpose and go back to the research question. Always go back to the purpose of
your study and your research questions. They will guide and help you identify what is important
and they are your main guides in analyzing your data.
Identify themes or patterns. Use codes or labels, such as the one in the example given, during
this process. Basically, we use labels or highlighter to identify themes or patterns. Your thorough
understanding of your data will facilitate this process.
Ask team to analyze You can ask another person (your teammates) to reanalyze the data to
make sure nothing is missed during the open-coding.
Organize themes into categories: preset or emergent Once codes have been identified, you
can now organize them in tabular form
Identify patterns within and among categories. This is when you categorize patterns and
themes that you have identified in your data. This is the final step. You can further streamline
your categories by looking at those that you think could be combined to form just one category.
Go back to your research questions. Those themes and patterns that your have identified are the
answers to your research questions.
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Activity 6.2 Direction: Identify the themes from the qualitative data presented below. Data were
extracted from an unpublished research paper conducted by Ms. Cristy G. Dablo of the Division
of Misamis Oriental are the narrated experiences of teenagers realizing the inevitable pregnancy.
The research is entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy And Its Interventions: Minimizing Future
Risks Among High School Students”
There were three central themes which emerged based on the interviews with the five (5)
respondents’ experiences that cherished relationships as substantial and tough acquisition of love
(C.R.Y.S.T.A.L) in the acceptance of being pregnant at an early age towards successful
adjustment.
The three central themes are the following: (1) life’s turning point: a baby bump, (2)
role changing: new set of responsibilities, and (3) glint of hope: a blessing in disguise.
Choose which theme best fit each table.
R1 “Kanang nahadlok ko kay basin dili ko panagutan sa akong uyab, pero mas nahadlok ko
nga basin dili madawat sa akong ginikanan samot na nga dili sila ganahan sa akong uyab”
{I’m afraid that my boyfriend won’t carry the responsibility, but I am more afraid of my
parents not accepting me for they don’t like my boyfriend}
R2 “Nahadlok ko gayon ga to the point nga nagplano ko nga ipalaglag ang bata nga naa sa
ako tiyan tungod ky wala nay ginikanan na akong maduolan sa akong pagburos og nag
plano pod ko maghikog nalang.”
{I am so afraid and reach to the point aborting the the baby’s life inside my tummy, since
I don’’t have the parents to turn to. With that, I planned to commit suicide.}
R3 “Kada gabii ko mag hilak ky gahuna-huna kung unsaon nako pagsulbad ani nga problema.
Gusto nako ipalaglag ang bata ky dili pa ko ready nga mahimong inahan.”
{I cried every night, thinking on how to solve the problem. I wanted to abort the child for
I am not ready to become a mother}
R4 “Pagkabalo nako na buros mura kog na down og ayo tungod kay ga overthink kog ayo sa
mga possible nga mahitabo og wala pod ko kabalo unsa akong buhaton. Mas samot ko
na hadlok unsaon pag atubang sa problema nga na buros ko sa sayo ngapangidad.”
{As soon as I know that I’m pregnant, I felt so down because I overthink of possibilities
and do not know what to do}
R5 “Nahadlok ko… kay maulawan akong pamilya. Naghunahuna ko nga dili ipadayun ang
akong gidala. Ug siguro magpalayu nalang, mu undang ug eskwela. Nawad-an kog
paglaum sa akong kinabuhi tungud ani nga bata.”
{I’m afraid… because I put shame on my family. I thought of aborting my baby inside my
tummy. I want to stay away from them, I want to stop schooling. I lost hope in my life
because of the baby.}
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Table 2. Adopting your life knowing that you are pregnant
Theme:_______________________________________________________________________
R1 “Dako gayod kayo ang kabag ohan labi na maglaag kay buntis bya, sige ra katulgon and
tapulan na maglakawlakaw, na ana laing obligasyon ang baby sa tyan”
{A lot of changes happened especially roaming around oppps I’m pregnant, always
sleepy and lazy to walk around, have an obligation on the baby in my tummy}
R2 “Nag attempt ko palaglag sa bata kay naglibog ko unsaon ni but a friend nag ingon na
ayaw kay bunga na sa inyong love and a blessing kay dili tanan makaanak”
{I attempted to abort the baby for I got confused on this but a friend told me not to doit
for this is the fruit of your love and a blessing since not all are capable of bearing a
child}
R3 “Dili ko gusto na ilang hunahunaon na desperado na kayo ko nga babae so I tried to
abort na nga sa akoa na part nga wala koy parents living alone og naa pa ni bata
naaahhh I am not ready mahimong mama huhuhu pwede maghikog?”
{I don’t want them to think that I am desperate woman, so itried to have an abortion for
in my part living alone with no parents with this additional burden of naahhh I am not
ready mom huhuhu can I commit suicide?}
R4 “Naglisod gyud ko og adjust tungod sa akong sitwasyon karon halos kada gabii
maghilak pero gikaya nako nga ginbugaton sa problem ani tungod gadala ko kinabuhi
nga naa sa akong tyan, ginamotivate nako ang akong kaugalingon nga kaya nako ni
malampasan ang tanan.”
{I have difficulty adjusting because of this situation that I cried almost everynight but I
bear the weight of such burden ‘coz I’m carrying life in my tummy, I motivated myself
to surpass all}.
R5 “Karon galisod gyud ko labi na nga nagbulag mi sa akong partner in crime, unsaon
nako pagpadako sa umalabot nga bata, labina walay financial support from the said
partner plus nieskwela pa ko og dili sapat ang financial na gihatag sa akong ginikanan.”
{I am in difficulty since we just broke up with my partner in crime, how am I going
raise my coming child more so that there’s no financial support from the said partner
plus I am still in school and not enough financial support given by my parents).
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Table 3. The present condition
Theme:______________________________
R1 “Karon ky ok na kayo ko, naa akong pamilya nga nagsupport og gaalaga sa akoa.”
{Today I am much okay. I have my family that supports and takes care of me}.
R2 “Karon na feel nako ang support sa akong pamilya.Ila kong gialagaan .Kay unsaon pa
man daw nila og kasuko kung naana. Karon ginatabangan ko nila mama kon unsaon pag
maanak na baby.”
{I now felt the support of my family they take care of me., coz how are they going to get
angry when it’s there already. For now, they’re helping me to prepare for the coming of
the baby}.
R3 “Nagbasol ko? Oo kay ayha ra nako na realize nga sayop tong akong gihimo nga
humana. Nasoko ko sa akong kaugalingon kay nagpaapekto ko”.
{I regretted my decision? Yes coz I just realize that what I did is wrong and it’s done. I
got angry to myself for I am affected of}.
R4 “Karon ky kontento nako sa akong kinabuhi kay naa sila mama para sa akoa, naa akong
supportive na mga amigo.”
{For now I am contented for what I have because parents were just there for me, and the
presence of supportive friends}.
R5 “Karon ky maingon nakon ga dili pa gyud ko stable, financially ky wala gasustento
akong uyab og parents, pero gapaningkamot ko para healthy si baby paggawas.”
{Now I can say that I’m still not stable financially, since there’s no support from my
boyfriend and parents. Though I tried so hard that my baby will be delivered healthy}.
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The following are some tips in analyzing and interpreting qualitative data that can be helpful
to beginning researchers:
Consider the data from various perspectives. Whatever the research may be or whatever
data have been collected, it is always best to ask what that data mean for readers.
Think beyond the data. Make the most out of the data, neither too much nor too little.
Ensure that the connection between or among the data sets and their interpretation are
clear. Anchor all data interpretations on the research objectives.
Make visible personal assumptions and beliefs or models that influence the interpretation,
representing personal views of the world. These models are usually not carefully
analyzed and may be below the level of understanding. If left unexamined, the
assumptions and beliefs might lead to wrong interpretations. Think and reason our
carefully. Individual or collective listing of assumptions about inquiry can be done.
In some cases, outlying data or data that is different from others may be encountered and
regarded accordingly. Consider to incorporate them in the analysis and interpretation
data.
Watch out for some data may come in surprise, contradictory or puzzling, because they
usually lead to useful insights. They must also be given attention for an holistic
interpretation of data.
Sample interpretation of data using the extracted table from the unpublished research paper of
Ms. Cristy G. Dablo, entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy And Its Interventions: Minimizing
Future Risks Among High School Students.”
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paglaum sa akong kinabuhi tungud ani nga bata.” {I’m afraid… because I put shame on
my family. I thought of aborting my baby inside my tummy. I want to stay away from them,
I want to stop schooling. I lost hope in my life because of the baby.}
Activity 6.3 Direction: Using the same data extracted table from the unpublished research paper
identify the table which the following interpretation best describe.
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A different way or process of adjustment, that starts with the sense of self of having an
impact on life experiences, which somehow relationships of family, and friends have the
influenced on how to undergo the process of adjustment. According to Aňonuevo, C.A as stated
by Natividad et.al, (2005), family is still the primary source of care. The family is very important
in the care of adolescents. Though the family is facing many changes and challenges, it continues
to have the responsibility of taking care of each member’s needs. Such relationships of close
family ties cherished older person to adjust situations of life successfully.
At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:
Define and understand the concepts of research conclusions,
recommendations and written reports;
create their own conclusion, recommendations and reports based on their
specific research topics; and
appreciate the importance and usage of research conclusion,
recommendations and written reports in a research study.
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Have an enjoyable learning experience!
Conclusions is the first section of your Chapter 5. This section as described by Prieto et
al. (2017), is commonly composed of the inclusive summary of findings of the research study. In
this section, you can find facts that were learned from the inquiry. Conclusion serves an
important part in making a research paper as it is the chance of the researcher to leave a lasting
impression.
Research conclusion has its important roles and purpose in a research study. These are
commonly elaborated as the following:
a) it stresses out the importance of the thesis statement,
b) it gives the written work a sense of completeness,
c) it leaves a final impression to the readers and
d) it demonstrates good organization.
When making the conclusion of your paper, you must abide with the following
characteristics (Prieto et al., 2017). These characteristics will guide youto produce a quality
research conclusion.
Below are the strategies that you could follow in making your conclusions:
You briefly discuss or reecho your Introduction.
Put a final impression on your readers by giving them a hint of the application of your
research towards their daily life.
Get more good impressions by concluding the importance of the study towards the
society.
Leaving a question to the readers which could be an avenue for gaining new perspective.
Activity 7.1. Directions: Visit your library or surf the internet for five (3) free and available
research papers. Analyze how did the authors crafted their conclusion, and supply your answer
on the space allotted below.
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Research Title Author and Date Published Analysis of the Research
(Include website if source is Conclusion
from the internet)
Activity 7.2. Directions: Craft your research conclusion based on the discussion given above.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
After crafting your research conclusion, the next step for you to take is to write your
research recommendations. Recommendations will be the last part of your Chapter 5.
Recommendation is commonly known as the section where you can give suggestions on the
matters relative to your research that must be improved. When writing you must take the
following considerations:
Recommendations must be brief. When writing your recommendations, take note to write
it concisely and as brief as possible.
Recommendations should be clear. You must state the specific suggestions that you want
to imply in you study.
Recommendations must be precise. When giving suggestions, you should avoid vague
recommendations to secure sufficient results.
As recommendations should be crafted briefly, clearly and precisely, here are some guidelines by
Prieto et al. (2017) that you can use.
You must avoid writing broad and generic recommendations. Also, avoid
recommendations that are directly related to the topic of the research.
Remember that recommendations are one step further than the conclusion.
You must take into consideration that recommendations must be specified according to
the areas of concern (i.e. academe, policymakers, etc.)
Activity 7.3 Directions: For this activity, you will need the sources that you have used for the
completion of the last activity. To do this activity, you need to read and analyze the contents of
the recommendation of each identified source. Write all your answers on the table provided
below.
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Activity 7.4 Directions: Craft your research recommendation based on the discussion given
above.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
After accomplishing all of the contents of your research paper, the next thing that you
must do is to prepare and write a research report. Accordingly, research reports are defined as
written documents that discusses a certain issue or topic. It is a document which holds all the
information about a research study from its introduction down to the recommendations.
In making your report, you must take the following considerations:
You must decide on what are the sections that must be included in your report.Take note
to include the findings and discussion of your study. You should also include the
introduction, methodology, conclusion and recommendations of your study.
You must write your report clearly and concisely. Main idea should be highlighted and is
supported by statements for elaboration and explanation. Commonly, research reports are
written in past tense form. Words used should be understandable by all of the possible
readers, thus, jargon terms must be avoided.
References should be carefully and accurately cited. Citing your references is a must.
Paraphrasing is also needed to avoid plagiarism.
Report should be edited by several times. Checking and proofreading is a must to secure
that all entries and information stated on the report holds credibility and transparency.
When writing a research report, you must take note that it should be in a straightforward
manner. A research report is composed of five (5) integral parts, namely:
1. The Introduction,
2. Review of Related Literature
3. Methodology
4. Results and Discussion and
5. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations.
6.
The specifications of the parts are explained below:
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Introduction - Your introduction must contain the explanation regarding the reason of the
conduct of the study. It must also have the research framework, statement of the problem and
objectives, significance of the study, and scope and limitations.
Results and Discussion This chapter holds the findings of the study and the discussion for each
finding. Results of the study must be written clearly and objectively. There are a lot of ways that
can be used in presenting results, some of which are by the use of tables, graphs and figures.
These data should then be discussed.
Accomplishing your research report does not signify the end of your research. After
doing such, you must take into consideration the evaluation of its quality. Take note that the
ultimate goal of evaluating you paper is to secure its quality. Corbin and Strauss (1990) suggests
the following guidelines in assessing and evaluating research papers.
How was the sample selected?
What major themes or categories emerged?
What were some evidential or incidental proofs pointing to the categories?
What were some of the statements of relationships made during the
analysis and on what grounds were they formulated and validated?
Were there discrepancies and how were they accounted for?
How and why was the core theme, is applicable, selected?
Are the concepts systematically related? The concepts and their
relationships must be developed systematically to generate a theoretical
explanation of a phenomenon of interest.
Was the process taken into account? A clear discussion of the process
enables theory users to explain theory consequences under changing
circumstances.
Are the theoretical findings significant and to what extent?
Do the findings become part of the body of the research topic?
The following sample format can help you in developing your research paper. The
discussion for each component is described in the contents of this module.
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RESEARCH TITLE
RESEARCH PAPER
SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE
SANTA FE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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Sample outline for the research paper
Title Page
Table of Contents
Abstract
Chapter I. Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Chapter 3. Methodology
References
Appendices
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Activity 7.5. Direction: Directions: Craft your research paper following the guidelines set on the
preceding topics.
In this lesson, you will be able to share and defend your written research report. You are
going to revise your written research report based on suggestions and recommendations of
panelist and finally submit final written research report.
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LESSON 1. Sharing Your Research
Brief Presentation: This is the visual version of your paper. Your presentation should include: a
short introduction, your hypotheses, a brief description of the methods, tables and/or graphs
related to your findings, and an interpretation of your data.
The presentations should not be more than 10 minutes long. It is not much time though.
Consider planning about 1 minute per slide. The trick to giving a better presentation is
simplifying your information down into bulleted, diagrams, tables and graphs. Do not rush while
presenting.
Title slide (1 slide). It will contain the title of your paper. If the research is in group list the name
of all the members, your class and section, school and the date of presentation.
Introduction (typically 3-4 slides). Explain why your work is interesting. This part tells the
context of the study. Using pictures is a plus factor to attract audience excitement and attention
about the issue and questions you are addressing. Clearly state your hypotheses.
Materials and Methods (typically 2-3 slides). This is a clear summary of design. Show a
picture of your respondents and justify why they are appropriate for addressing the questions
mentioned above. Show a picture of the venue/ laboratory set-up or some person doing some
work or activity related to your study. You can show a diorama of your experimental design
(sample sizes, sampling frequency). Mention what parameters you measured but do not go into
detail on exact procedures used. State what statistical tests you used to analyse data.
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Results (typically 2-4 slides). You may show a photograph which shows an interesting
qualitative results and state the results. Graphical presentation of results remindsthe audience of
your hypothesis. A simple and clean graph with complete label is more reliable. Do not use light
colors in your figures, they do not show up well when projected.
Implications and Conclusions (typically 2-3 slides). Interpret your results correctly. Address
sources of errors and methodological difficulties constructively. Results should be placed in
context and draw implications from them.
Acknowledgement (1 slide). Thank everyone who provided advice or assistance. Verbally thank
your audience for their attention and tell them you would be happy to answer any questions.
Activity 8.1 Directions: Write the content of your Research Presentation here according the guidelines
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Use the following steps when preparing for the oral defense of your Research Paper.
Your evaluation is based on your presentation.
Prepare for your presentation mentally and physically. If possible sleep early the night
before your presentation.
You don’t need to memorize everything but you should know the key points.
Familiarize your power point presentation and all the parts of your research including all
the details.
Make eye contact with more than one member of the panel of assessors during the course
of your presentation.
You may bring mode of verifications for easy reference of your research.
Keep the cool. Don’t speak too fast and don’t read your notes. Just glance once in a
while.
Use simple terminologies. It should be concise to be understood even if the audience is
not in the academe.
You may prepare hand-outs or brochure.
Space your presentation. Do not focused in one slide only.
When the panelist occasionally interact during your presentation, take note of the
suggestions.
Do not answer in a hurry. Pause and think to organize your thoughts. If you are not clear
about the question, you are entitled to clarify.
Put up a good defense without being defensive. Be confident.
After the oral defense, meet with your advisor for debriefing and seek advice on how to
revise your thesis.
Practice, practice, practice. Rehearse several times with the equipment you will use for
your presentation.
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Note: Avoid the temptation to make recommendations that are not supported by your findings.
Do not recommend based on your beliefs.
1. It is good to have someone else read your paper. Your researcher teacher may critic your
work. You may ask you language teacher to read your paper and ask for some
suggestions.
2. Go over your paper by reading out loud. Figure it out if it may sounds right.
3. Thoroughly research the topic by reading the new credible sources.
4. After receiving some suggestions, create new outline by noting points you want to hit.
5. Have someone else read it aloud to you, does it sound right?
6. Read the paper from the last word to the first word.
7. Consider your paper as a presentation. Think of it as if you were presenting in an
audience.
8. Provide a complete draft of new introduction and conclusion. Check if the current paper
aligned with the correct parts.
9. Be sure to proofread and edit as needed.
10. Set your paper aside for a day or longer and come back and read it through fresh eyes.
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